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Cell biology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

bacteria was probably

A

cyanobacteria-capable of photosynthesis

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2
Q

all eukaryotes have

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts have dna in them as well

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3
Q

differences in plant cell with mammalian cells

A
  1. cell wall-made of cellulose 9sugar) has beta 1,4 glycosidic linkage, we dont process it
  2. chlorophyll in chloroplast
  3. vacuoles - storage device (in euk, not supposed to be there, toxic)
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4
Q

chloroplast

3 separate membranes

A 
converts sunlight (antenna complex, transfers energy to reaction center, goes from low to high energy state) 
outer, inner, and thylakoid membrane.
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5
Q

grana

A

stack of membranes

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6
Q

starch

A

sugars, have alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds

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7
Q

matrix in mitochondria

what is in chloroplasts?

A

stroma

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8
Q

whats in the thylakoid and what does it allow us to do?

A

thylakoid space and to do another gradient

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9
Q

whats in the matrix which is similar to stroma?

A

DNA in stroma. originated from bacteria.

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10
Q

there are ribosomes in the chloroplasts for

A

making proteins

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11
Q

light cycle

A

captures energy and converts it into usable energy for next step. happens during day

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12
Q

dark cycle (calvin cycle)

A

carbon fixation step – making glucose. happens anytime. ATP, NADPH, GRADIENT

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13
Q

photon

A

packet of energy. its a wave.

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14
Q

how is there energy in a wave?

A

think of ocean. wave length makes a difference.

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15
Q

building of CO2 bc of

A

fossil fuels, ice melting, cows

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16
Q

carbon fixation equation

A
  • h20 and co2 –> make (CH2O)n + O2
  • use energy from light
  • making organic compounds requires energy-making covalent bonds
17
Q

in carbon fixation entropy

A

goes down so delta G is positive, so its non spontaneous.

18
Q

photosynthetic electron transfer

A

light captured by pigment (chlorophyll, green, reflects everything but green).
-transferred from one molecule to next by resonance energy transfer

19
Q

resonance energy transfer

A

energy is being transferred. the foot jiggle.

20
Q

light from sun is going to

A

drive electron to higher energy state. as we go through line, it will lose less and less energy in the form of heat.

21
Q

ROYGBIV

A 
visible spectrum 
shorter wavelength (violet) and longer wavelength (red)
22
Q

what happens in reaction center?

A
  • Going to split water molecule. Gonna end up with oxygen and H+’s and electrons.
  • converts light energy into chemical bonds w energy
  • use weak e- donor (water) to create strong e- donor (quinone)
23
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

-Energy from light used to create gradient
-Gradient drives ATP synthesis
same ish. we have photosystem 2 that starts process, and photosystem 1. theres plastocyanin. pumps protons in thylakoid space. we have pC molecule (equivalent to cytC).

24
Q

ATPSynthase faces what?

A

stroma where C fixation occurs (atp made in stroma)

25
Q

if it has a thylakoid, then it is

A

chloroplast

26
Q

products formed from light energy

A

atp, nadph, o2

-ATP and NADPH used to generate bonds of sugars in calvin cycle

27
Q

chloroplasts

CO2 + …

A

ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate (5 carbon sugar) –> G3P glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (exported out of chloroplast,made into sucrose)

28
Q

rubisco (dark cycle)

A
  • enzyme that helps add C on ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate.
  • most abundant protein
  • up to 50% of chloroplast protein
  • makes 3 phosphoglycerate
    1. bind to substrates
    2. change conformation of substrates
    3. lower activation energy
29
Q

light cycle equation

overall goal?

A 
h20 + light --> NADPH + ATP + O2
make glucose (sugar)
30
Q

rubisco stands for?

A

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase

31
Q

excess of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate in stroma

A

is converted to starch

32
Q

are all plastids the same?

A

no, but all come from proplastids

  • depends on nuclear genes
  • leukoplasts (store starch)
33
Q

in leukoplasts

amyloplasts

A

makes starch from sugars

34
Q

in leukoplasts

proteinoplast

A

sotres proteins

Cell biology (15 decks)

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