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Cell biology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

five qualities of life

A
  1. all living beings are made of cells
  2. Reproduction
  3. Energy/metabolism. Gibbs free energy.
    Delta G = delta H – T delta S
    H=enthalpy
    S= entropy = disorder. Increasing s= increasing disorder.
    G= energy
  4. DNA-genetic material
  5. evolution
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2
Q

original thing that formed

A

fat bubble. Inside there was rna and proteins (prob common ancestor)

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3
Q

DOGMA

A

dna->rna->protein. It is wrong bc of retroviruses can go from RNA to DNA.
Transcription: DNA->RNA.
Retrotranscription: RNA->DNA.

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4
Q

We have to do replication first

A

problems at the ends: telomeres (non coding dna at end of chromosomes. It’s protection at ends from degradation. When telomeres degrade, you age faster and die)

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5
Q

water

A

our bodies: 70% water, 30% chemicals (rna, dna)

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6
Q

all biological beings made up of

drive formation of life on earth

A

CHON

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7
Q

molecules are

A

sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids (covalently attached atoms)

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8
Q

sugars, amino acids, nucleotides can be put together into _____ using _____

A

macromolecules

covalent and non covalent bonds

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9
Q

sugar—>

A

carbohydrates

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10
Q

amino acids –>

A

proteins

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11
Q

nucleotides —>

A

nucleic acids

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12
Q

lipids –>

A

phospholipids

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13
Q

macromolecules can form into

A

macromolecular assemblies. ex. ribosome. (made up of rRNAs and rNPS).

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14
Q

if two atoms are too close:

if two atoms are too far:

A

nuclei repel each other

no attraction

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15
Q

if delta S is positive=

A

negative delta G. spontaneous reaction.

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16
Q

negative delta S-

A

going toward more order.

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17
Q

what are the non-covalent interactions?

A
  1. ionic
  2. H bonding
  3. Van der waals
  4. hydrophobic force
18
Q

Van der Waals

A

there is optimal distance between atoms where the attraction/repulsion is just right.

19
Q

hydrophobic force

A

nonpolar tend to stay together and stay away from water.

20
Q

polar likes

A

polar. loves water.

21
Q

amphiphilic or amphipathic

A

molecules that go both ways.

22
Q

four families of carbon compounds

A

sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides

23
Q

sugars or carbohydrates formula

A

(CH20)n. covalent bonds storing energy.

24
Q

beta 1,4 glycosidic linkage

A

we cant break these down. part of chitin or cellulose.

25
Q

alpha 1,4 glycosidic linkage

A

can break these down. glycogen and polysaccharides.

26
Q

Sugars

A

-Used to store energy as glycogen and starch

Used for mechanical support (chitin, cellulose)

27
Q

fatty acids

A

Long hydrocarbon chains w acidic group

the 2 fatty acids in phospholipids

28
Q

in all phospholipids, there is

A

one straight tail and one bent tail (kinked-has double bond). they are not tightly packed (semi permeability).

29
Q

nucleotides

A

N containing ring connected to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar

Store energy in phosphate bonds

30
Q

phosphoanhydride bond

A

bond bw phosphate group and oxygen. LOT of energy. need this to make bond to next nucleotide.

31
Q

purines

A

A and G

32
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

link on nucleotide to another

condensation reaction-lose water

33
Q

karyo

A

has a nucleus/kernal

34
Q

what is a mitochondria?

A

converts energy from one form to another

35
Q

what does S stand for in 16S?

A

sediment came from Svedberg. if the # is bigger, the sediment is faster.

36
Q

the size of ribosomes matters

A

true

37
Q

ribosomes are not organelles bc

A

they dont have phospholipid bilayer

38
Q

what do prok and euk share in common?

A

membrane bound organelles

39
Q

prokaryotes

eukaryotes

A 
no nucleus 
circular chromosomes 
ribosomes 30s, 50s 
Flagella in prokaryotes: made of flagellin
dna in nucleoid

nucleus
linear chromosomes
ribosomes 40s, 60s
Flagella in prokaryotes: made of microtubules. alpha and beta tubulin

40
Q

covalent bonds

A

sharing e’s

41
Q

ionic bond

A

chemical bond bw oppositely charged ions. transfer of electrons

42
Q

monosaccharides linked together by

A

alpha or beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages

Cell biology (15 decks)

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