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Cell biology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

glycolysis - glucose

A

2 pyruvate –> 2 acetyl CoA.

  • in cytosol
  • net product: 2 ATPs
  • pyruvate converted to CO2 and H20 in mitochondria/matrix –>30 ATP
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2
Q

Citric acid cycle (TCA)

A

in matrix

acetyl CoA —> CO2

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3
Q

electron transport/carrier

A

NADH and FADH2 - proton gradient

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4
Q

ATPSynthase

A

makes ATP using proton gradient

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5
Q

sugars and lipids are used to make

A

ATP

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6
Q

whats required for metabolizing fat?

A

oxygen

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7
Q

how does glucose get in cell?

A

glut transporters. glut 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. GLUT5 takes in fructose.

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8
Q

diabetes

A

-type II diabetes- you become insulin resistant/ the cells see the insulin but don’t respond.

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9
Q

There are only two types of cells dependent on insulin-

A

muscle cells and fat cells. these 2 have GLUT4.

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10
Q

muscle cells

A

as youre running, muscles are using up stored glucose, fueling ability to move

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11
Q

Where do we store glucose in our bodies?

A

liver. called glycogen.

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12
Q

Pancreas secretes 2 hormones-

A

insulin (beta cells, is a polymer of glucose) and glycagon (alpha cells), glycagon secreted when sugar levels are low, goes to liver).

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13
Q

mitochondria

A
  • energy converting organelles
  • responsible for majority of atp produced in cells
  • double membrane
  • outer membrane-highly permeable to small molecules
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14
Q

chemiosmotic coupling

A

couples ATP formation w osmotic gradient across

organelle membrane

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15
Q

outer membrane of mit

A

transport proteins called porins

  • < 5000 dalton molecules enter space
  • equivalent to cytosol
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16
Q

inner membrane of mit

A
  • highly impermeable to ions
  • special phospholipids called cardiolipin (4 fatty acid chains)
  • lots of transport proteins
  • enzymes of electron transport chain (matrix)
  • cristae- infoldings, increases surface area
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17
Q

Mit genome

A
  • own dna encoding 13 proteins
  • 22 tRNAs
  • ribosome made of 2 rRNAs
  • product of endosymbiosis- free living oxygen - metabolizing eubacteria that were engulfed
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18
Q

glycolysis energy metabolism

A

goes from 6C to 2 3C.

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19
Q

when sugar levels are too low

A

alpha cells are activated.

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20
Q

where is the matrix?

A

inner membrane (mit)

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21
Q

bonds and electrons hold what type of energy?

A

potential energy

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22
Q

kinetic energy

A

when things are moving

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23
Q

red dot go on top in glycolysis

A

called isomerization

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24
Q

when you generate atp it is called

A

substrate level phosphroylation

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25
Q

what goes in in citric cycle?

what comes out?

A

acetyl CoA links up w oxaloacetate, and generates citric.

2 CO2 comes out. FADH2 and NADH and GTP

26
Q

NADPH

A

in chloroplast. doing photosynthesis. electron carrier.

27
Q

when you say H

A

its a H atom (1 proton, 1 electron)

28
Q

when you say H+

A

proton. electron gone away.

29
Q

oxidation

reduction

A

loss of electron

gain of electron

30
Q

final electron acceptor

A

oxygen. gets reduced to water.

31
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy cant be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

32
Q

photons from sun are

A

converted in forms of energy that you eat. break down glucose. photosynthesis is doing the opposite, its making sugars.

33
Q

last step in electron transport chain

A

convert NADH and FADH2 to ATP. H+ is pumped out of matrix, matrix is negative (goes against gradient). more protons outside than inside. CO2 (gases) cross membrane.
we need energy to pump to make ATP, so energy stored in inner membrane.

34
Q

last thing we need?

A

O2. if no O2, everything backs up.

35
Q

if we don’t have oxygen

A

we are not generating ATP

36
Q

electron transport chain inside mit complexes

*in cristae

A
  1. NADH reductase. NADH is going to be reduced. hands off electrons, used to pump protons from matrix to intermembrane space. its going to split into NAD+
    1a. FADH2 enters. CoQ (electron carrier) helps get low energy e- to next complex. moves e- from 1st complex to second, and 2nd pumps protons.
  2. cytC. electron carrier. carries it to 3rd complex and pumps protons
37
Q

which complexes are gonna pump protons?

A

everything except 1a

38
Q

NADH generates more ATP than

A

FADH2

39
Q

where did ATPSynthase come from?

A

from bacteria. they have same f0 and f1 subunit.

40
Q

intermembrane space vs matrix space

A

separation of charge. pH is diff.

intermembrane: more positive. high in H+. pH-neutral
matrix: less positive. low in H+. pH-slightly higher

41
Q

bonds in atp between phosphate molecules

A

phosphoanhydride bonds

42
Q

ATPSynthase structure

A
  • F0-made of membrane stalk (can rotate, but heads dont move)
  • F1- part in matrix
  • transport causes rotation of F0, allows formation of ATP from ADP and Pi
43
Q

What happens when you don’t eat?
What happens if you block the electron transport chain?
Cyanide?

A

dont generate atp, you die

44
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were

A

bacteria engulfed by eukaryotic cells

45
Q

Passed down to the next generation - but not like chromosomes

A

Non-Mendelian inheritance

Mitotic segregation

46
Q

there are chromosomes in mitochondria but

A

they don’t make mitotic spindle

47
Q

how do bacteria replicate?

A

binary fission

48
Q

cytoplasmic inheritance

A
  • diff than nuclear DNA- each daughter cell gets each chromosome from parent
  • no equal distribution of mit. (mom’s)
49
Q

mit passed down when

A

cells are divided

50
Q

egg has more

A

cytoplasm than sperm

51
Q

Fertilized human egg carries

A

2000 copies of mitochondrial genome, 1 or 2 from dad

52
Q

misnomer

A

real fermentation

53
Q

many anaerobic bacteria and muscle cells

A

that run out of O2 can make ATP by using something other than oxygen as an e- acceptor (nitrate, sulfate, CO2)
-bacteria, yeast

54
Q

no available oxygen
some bacteria and mammal muscle
yeast

A
  • 2 lactic acid

- 2 ethanol + 2 CO2

55
Q

fermentation regenerates what?

A

NAD+, so glycolysis can generate ATP

56
Q

production of ethanol

A
  • pyruvate 3C –> ethanol 2C
  • generate CO2 (bubbles in alcohol)
  • loss of electrons - pyruvate is reduce and NAD+ is regenerated
57
Q

production of lactic acid

A
  • Pyruvate (3C) –> Lactic acid (3C)

- Regenerate NAD+

58
Q

Fast versus slow twitch muscles

A

-Fast twitch generates lot of power, but not for long periods of time (running, jumping)
Slow twitch can sustain muscle contractions over long periods of time

59
Q

Chicken breast – white meat

A

Fast or slow twitch muscles

60
Q

Chicken thigh – dark meat

A

fast muscles

61
Q

what is in dark meat that makes it dark?

A

greater blood supply. working all day, more mitochondria. they dont use their breast muscles at all, so no blood supply.

Cell biology (15 decks)

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