Lecture 8

Question 1

glycolysis - glucose

Answer 1

2 pyruvate –> 2 acetyl CoA.

• in cytosol
• net product: 2 ATPs
• pyruvate converted to CO2 and H20 in mitochondria/matrix –>30 ATP

Question 2

Citric acid cycle (TCA)

Answer 2

in matrix

acetyl CoA —> CO2

Question 3

electron transport/carrier

Answer 3

NADH and FADH2 - proton gradient

Question 4

ATPSynthase

Answer 4

makes ATP using proton gradient

Question 5

sugars and lipids are used to make

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

whats required for metabolizing fat?

Answer 6

oxygen

Question 7

how does glucose get in cell?

Answer 7

glut transporters. glut 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. GLUT5 takes in fructose.

Question 8

diabetes

Answer 8

-type II diabetes- you become insulin resistant/ the cells see the insulin but don’t respond.

Question 9

There are only two types of cells dependent on insulin-

Answer 9

muscle cells and fat cells. these 2 have GLUT4.

Question 10

muscle cells

Answer 10

as youre running, muscles are using up stored glucose, fueling ability to move

Question 11

Where do we store glucose in our bodies?

Answer 11

liver. called glycogen.

Question 12

Pancreas secretes 2 hormones-

Answer 12

insulin (beta cells, is a polymer of glucose) and glycagon (alpha cells), glycagon secreted when sugar levels are low, goes to liver).

Question 13

mitochondria

Answer 13

• energy converting organelles
• responsible for majority of atp produced in cells
• double membrane
• outer membrane-highly permeable to small molecules

Question 14

chemiosmotic coupling

Answer 14

couples ATP formation w osmotic gradient across

organelle membrane

Question 15

outer membrane of mit

Answer 15

transport proteins called porins

• < 5000 dalton molecules enter space
• equivalent to cytosol

Question 16

inner membrane of mit

Answer 16

• highly impermeable to ions
• special phospholipids called cardiolipin (4 fatty acid chains)
• lots of transport proteins
• enzymes of electron transport chain (matrix)
• cristae- infoldings, increases surface area

Question 17

Mit genome

Answer 17

• own dna encoding 13 proteins
• 22 tRNAs
• ribosome made of 2 rRNAs
• product of endosymbiosis- free living oxygen - metabolizing eubacteria that were engulfed

Question 18

glycolysis energy metabolism

Answer 18

goes from 6C to 2 3C.

Question 19

when sugar levels are too low

Answer 19

alpha cells are activated.

Question 20

where is the matrix?

Answer 20

inner membrane (mit)

Question 21

bonds and electrons hold what type of energy?

Answer 21

potential energy

Question 22

kinetic energy

Answer 22

when things are moving

Question 23

red dot go on top in glycolysis

Answer 23

called isomerization

Question 24

when you generate atp it is called

Answer 24

substrate level phosphroylation

Question 25

what goes in in citric cycle? what comes out?

Answer 25

acetyl CoA links up w oxaloacetate, and generates citric. 2 CO2 comes out. FADH2 and NADH and GTP

Question 26

NADPH

Answer 26

in chloroplast. doing photosynthesis. electron carrier.

Question 27

when you say H

Answer 27

its a H atom (1 proton, 1 electron)

Question 28

when you say H+

Answer 28

proton. electron gone away.

Question 29

oxidation | reduction

Answer 29

loss of electron | gain of electron

Question 30

final electron acceptor

Answer 30

oxygen. gets reduced to water.

Question 31

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 31

energy cant be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.

Question 32

photons from sun are

Answer 32

converted in forms of energy that you eat. break down glucose. photosynthesis is doing the opposite, its making sugars.

Question 33

last step in electron transport chain

Answer 33

convert NADH and FADH2 to ATP. H+ is pumped out of matrix, matrix is negative (goes against gradient). more protons outside than inside. CO2 (gases) cross membrane. we need energy to pump to make ATP, so energy stored in inner membrane.

Question 34

last thing we need?

Answer 34

O2. if no O2, everything backs up.

Question 35

if we don't have oxygen

Answer 35

we are not generating ATP

Question 36

electron transport chain inside mit complexes | *in cristae

Answer 36

1. NADH reductase. NADH is going to be reduced. hands off electrons, used to pump protons from matrix to intermembrane space. its going to split into NAD+ 1a. FADH2 enters. CoQ (electron carrier) helps get low energy e- to next complex. moves e- from 1st complex to second, and 2nd pumps protons. 3. cytC. electron carrier. carries it to 3rd complex and pumps protons

Question 37

which complexes are gonna pump protons?

Answer 37

everything except 1a

Question 38

NADH generates more ATP than

Answer 38

FADH2

Question 39

where did ATPSynthase come from?

Answer 39

from bacteria. they have same f0 and f1 subunit.

Question 40

intermembrane space vs matrix space

Answer 40

separation of charge. pH is diff. intermembrane: more positive. high in H+. pH-neutral matrix: less positive. low in H+. pH-slightly higher

Question 41

bonds in atp between phosphate molecules

Answer 41

phosphoanhydride bonds

Question 42

ATPSynthase structure

Answer 42

- F0-made of membrane stalk (can rotate, but heads dont move) - F1- part in matrix - transport causes rotation of F0, allows formation of ATP from ADP and Pi

Question 43

What happens when you don’t eat? What happens if you block the electron transport chain? Cyanide?

Answer 43

dont generate atp, you die

Question 44

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were

Answer 44

bacteria engulfed by eukaryotic cells

Question 45

Passed down to the next generation - but not like chromosomes

Answer 45

Non-Mendelian inheritance | Mitotic segregation

Question 46

there are chromosomes in mitochondria but

Answer 46

they don't make mitotic spindle

Question 47

how do bacteria replicate?

Answer 47

binary fission

Question 48

cytoplasmic inheritance

Answer 48

- diff than nuclear DNA- each daughter cell gets each chromosome from parent - no equal distribution of mit. (mom's)

Question 49

mit passed down when

Answer 49

cells are divided

Question 50

egg has more

Answer 50

cytoplasm than sperm

Question 51

Fertilized human egg carries

Answer 51

2000 copies of mitochondrial genome, 1 or 2 from dad

Question 52

misnomer

Answer 52

real fermentation

Question 53

many anaerobic bacteria and muscle cells

Answer 53

that run out of O2 can make ATP by using something other than oxygen as an e- acceptor (nitrate, sulfate, CO2) -bacteria, yeast

Question 54

no available oxygen some bacteria and mammal muscle yeast

Answer 54

- 2 lactic acid | - 2 ethanol + 2 CO2

Question 55

fermentation regenerates what?

Answer 55

NAD+, so glycolysis can generate ATP

Question 56

production of ethanol

Answer 56

- pyruvate 3C --> ethanol 2C - generate CO2 (bubbles in alcohol) - loss of electrons - pyruvate is reduce and NAD+ is regenerated

Question 57

production of lactic acid

Answer 57

- Pyruvate (3C) --> Lactic acid (3C) | - Regenerate NAD+

Question 58

Fast versus slow twitch muscles

Answer 58

-Fast twitch generates lot of power, but not for long periods of time (running, jumping) Slow twitch can sustain muscle contractions over long periods of time

Question 59

Chicken breast – white meat

Answer 59

Fast or slow twitch muscles

Question 60

Chicken thigh – dark meat

Answer 60

fast muscles

Question 61

what is in dark meat that makes it dark?

Answer 61

greater blood supply. working all day, more mitochondria. they dont use their breast muscles at all, so no blood supply.