Lecture 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Psycholinguistics

A

The study of relationship between linguistic behaviour and psychological processes

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2
Q

How do we study language

A
  • Self-paced reading = see one word at a time, press space bar to go to next word and reading times are analysed
  • Eye tracking = interested in fixation times
  • EEG
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3
Q

Moving window paradigm

A
  • Example of eye tracking study
  • As ppt looks at text
  • Saccade = movement of eyes from one word to other
  • In saccadic movement don’t process anything
  • Info only processed in fixation
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4
Q

Semantic memory and meaning

A
  • How we understand words and order them
  • Have nodes and a lot of association along content of node

Approaches:

  1. Need to know definitions to understand meanings –> problem = it can be never ending
  2. Derive our knowledge from what we see –> problem = not everything can be seen
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5
Q

Semantic networks

A
  • Network of unitary nodes and links between them
  • Good for hierarchies
  • Properties are inherited
  • Predicts sentence verification times
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6
Q

Evidence for semantic networks

A
  • Sentence verification data
  • Task = presented with sentence and have to report whether its true or false –> reaction times recorded e.g. if given ‘robin is a bird’, fast reaction as only one link made but if given ‘robin is an animal’ –> reaction slower as 2 links need to be made
  • Other factors that influence processing are familiarity and typicallity
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7
Q

Problems with network

A

-Need sufficient conditions to create a definition

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8
Q

N400 effect study

A

Study:

  • Presented sentences such as ‘The Dutch trains are yellow and very crowded’ = had no processing problems as was true
  • Then said ‘Dutch trains are sour’ = had processing problems due to word sour
  • Then said ‘Dutch trains are white’ = false due to world knowledge
  • EEG measurements N400 suggests a mismatch –> found sentence 2 and 3 had N400 effect
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9
Q

Parsing

A
  • Analyses a sentence and figures out the links between the words in the sentence
  • Parsa: The focus during sentence processing
  • Syntactic analysis = analysis of sentence structure

Main approaches:

  • Syntactic analysis precedes semantic analysis
  • Semantic analysis occurs prior to syntactic analysis = not commonly found
  • Syntactic and semantic analysis occur simultaneously
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10
Q

Garden path model

A
  • Syntactical analysis comes first
  • Semantic analysis is needed after
  • Semantic only occurs if there’s a problem with the syntactic method (try and attach next word with previous word)
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11
Q

Constraint-based model

A
  • Semantic and syntactic info at same time

- Grammatical knowledge contains interpretations

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12
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A
  • Tested with an EEG
  • Read or listened to the “the day was breezy, so the boy went outside to fly”
  • Predicts percentage of how probable words occur in a certain context
  • If people read “boy went outside to fly an aeroplane” - not very probable
  • If read “boy went outside to fly a kite” - very probable
  • Semantic info is rapidly available (constrain-based model)
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13
Q

Meaning and knowledge inn context = EEG example

A
  • Story was read about animated peanut
  • Had to manipulate one of those words “peanut was salted/in love”
  • In this context peanut was animate so could be in love
  • Salted had an N400 effect
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14
Q

Eye tracking example

A
  • Read story about incredible hulk picking up lory
  • Then read story about Terry picking up lory
  • Testing whether ppts were happy to accept the stories
  • No processing difficulties in sentences including the hulk
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15
Q

Inferences

A
  • If given sentence ‘If Mary heard the ice cream van. She remembered the pocket money. She rushed inside the house’
  • If someone couldn’t make inferences they couldn’t connect the sentences together

Types of inferences:

  • Logical inferences = based on meaning of words
  • Bridging inferences = establish coherence between parts of texts
  • Elaborative inferences = make use of world knowledge
  • Emotional inference study:
  • -> Story written to make you feel angry towards Tom for stealing money
  • -> 2 conditions: matching (hearing that made Tom feel guilty) and mismatching (hearing that made Tom feel proud)
  • ->Needed to know that proud was an inappropriate adjective word to use so was processed slower
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16
Q

Inferences approaches

A

Constructionist approach:
-Make inferences automatically

Minimalist approach:
-Constraint on number of inferences automatically generated e.g. global inference is when you integrate all info in a text

17
Q

Individual differences

A
  • Influence of working memory capacity

- Influence of reading skills

18
Q

Aphasia

A

-Impairment of language comprehension and production

19
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A
  • Frontal lobe damage
  • Non-fluent aphasia
  • Impaired language production
  • Comprehension intact
  • Poor grammar
20
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  • Temporal lobe damage
  • Fluent aphasia
  • Impaired language comprehension
  • Lack of meaning
  • Vaguely grammatical
21
Q

Anomia

A
  • Impairment concerning ability to name objects
  • Can describe objects but cant name them
  • Fluent aphasia
22
Q

Agrammatism

A
  • Patients can find word but cant put them together in correct structure
  • Linked to damage in Broca’s area
23
Q

Brain regions for syntactic processing

A
  • Phase structures = occurs in the frontal operculum and anterior superior temporal gyrus
  • Figuring out relationship between sentence elements = Broca’s area
  • Integration of lexical and syntactic info = posterior superior temporal gyrus
24
Q

Study comparing aphasic patients with controlled patients

A
  • 3 pictures: woman hugging man, man hugging woman and distractor picture not hugging
  • Given quote “woman is hugged by the man” –> had to decide which picture matched it
  • Task involved Broca and Wernicke’s area
  • Controls performed accurately
  • Patients with damage to one of the areas performed poorly
  • Syntactic processing reliant on pathways linking language regions
25
Q

Study looking subject relative clauses and object relative clauses

A
  • Subject relative clause = If lawyer criticised doctor, the lawyer is a subject and doctor is the object
  • Object relative clause = lawyer that the doctor criticised, lawyer becomes the object and the doctor becomes the subject
  • Complex task which aphasic patients cant do