Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when light reaches the retina?

A
  • Reception = absorption of physical energy
  • Transduction = physical energy converted into electrochemical pattern in neurones
  • Coding = correspondence between physical stimulus and resultant nervous system activity
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2
Q

Receptors in the eye

A
  • Cones: colour vision and sharpness of vision

- Rods: vision in dim light and movement

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3
Q

Colour vision

A
  • Visible light part of EM spectrum that cones/ rods respond to
  • Most sensitive to light in green wave
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4
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A
  • Young said all colours produced by mixing 3 primary colours (red, blue and green)
  • Must be 3 types of colour receptors responding to different wavelengths
  • -> short (blue)
  • -> medium (yellow-green)
  • -> long (red)
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5
Q

Problem of trichromatic theory

A
  • Negative afterimage

- Green square shown = no red light hitting retina so why do we perceive red?

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6
Q

Opponent-process theory

A
  • Hering
  • Perception of colour controlled by 3 receptor complexes:
  • -> Red-green
  • -> Blue-yellow
  • -> Black-white
  • Dual process theory = signals from the 3 cone types (Trichromatic Theory) are sent to the opponent cells (Opponent-process theory)
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7
Q

Colour constancy

A
  • Tendency for a colour to look the same under different viewing conditions
  • What we perceive isnt entirely driven by the wavelengths of that light that hit our retina
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8
Q

The two different pathways

A
  • After light hits the retina there are 2 pathways:
  • -> Parvocellular (P) pathway
  • -> Magnocellular (M) pathway

P pathway:

  • Sensitive to colour and fine detail
  • Most input comes from cones

M pathway:

  • Most sensitive to motion
  • Most input comes from rods
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9
Q

Pathway from eye to brain

A
  1. Retina
  2. Optic nerve
  3. Optic chiasm
  4. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
  5. Cortical area V1
    - Left visual cortex comes from left side of the 2 retinas
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10
Q

Properties of visual neurones

A
  • Receptive fields = the region of sensory space where light will cause the neurone to fire
  • Retinotopy = things in close proximity are processed in cells near to each other
  • Lateral inhibition = reduction of activity in one neurone is caused by a neighbouring neurone
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11
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

A
  • First stop after the eye
  • Part of the thalamus - sensory input and motor output
  • Maintains a retinotopic map = mapping of visual input from retina to neurones
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12
Q

Primary visual cortex (V1)

A
  • Second stop after the eye
  • Extracts info from the visual scene (shape, colour, movement)
  • Maintains retinotopy
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13
Q

Damage to V1

A
  • Cortical blindness = patient cant report objects presented in region of space
  • Can still make some visual discriminations in blind area as there are other routes from the eye to the brain
  • Geniculostriate route is specialised for conscious vision
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14
Q

Important visual pathways

A
  • Parietal/dorsal pathways = concerned with movement processing (where)
  • Temporal/ventral pathway = concerned with colour and form processing (what)
  • Patient DF = lesion to lateral occipital cortex –> trouble locating and identifying objects = damage to the temporal pathway
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15
Q

Functional specialisation theory: Zeki

A
  • Parts of visual cortex specialised for different functions
  • Central assumption = colour, form and motion processed in separate parts of visual cortex
  • V1 and V2 = perception
  • V3 and V3a = form
  • V4 = colour
  • V5 = visual motion
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16
Q

V4

A
  • Brain imaging PET study = V4 more active for colour than grey scale –> V4= specialised for colour. (Zeki)
  • Patients with cortical achromatopsia = cant see colours, damage to V4 and often V2 and V3
  • But can colour process
17
Q

V5

A
  • V5 more active with moving dots compared with static dots –> V5 = specialised for motion
  • Brain damage to VF = Akinetopsia
  • Patient LM:
  • -> Bilateral damage to V5
  • -> Good at locating stationary objects
  • -> Good colour vision
  • -> Motion perception deficient
18
Q

Challenges for functional specialisation - the binding problem

A
  • Dont perceive colour and shape separately but in brain processed separately
  • Synchronisation hypothesis = perception depends on synchronised neural activity between brain regions dependent on attention
19
Q

Model of object recognition

A
  1. Early visual processing (colour, motion)
  2. Perceptual segregation: group visual elements (known as figure-ground segmentation)
  3. Match visual description onto representation of object stored in brain = structural descriptions
  4. Attach meaning to object based on prior knowledge
20
Q

Perceptual organisation

A
  • Perceptual segregation
  • -> Separating visual input into individual objects
  • -> Thought to occur before object recognition
  • Gestalt psychology:
  • -> First attempt systematically study segregation
  • -> Fundamental principle = ‘Law of Pragnanz’ = people will perceive ambiguous images in its simplest form
  • Assumes set of rules that operate in early visual processing
21
Q

Gestalt laws of perceptual organisation

A
  • Law of proximity
  • Law of similarity
  • Law of good continuation (perceive forms of similar shape, form, pattern)
  • Law of closure (e.g. to us circle looks complete but its actually fragmented)
22
Q

Figure-group segregation

A
  • Faces-goblet illusion = ambitious drawing that can be seen as 2 faces or as goblet
  • Assumed more attention is paid to figure than the ground
23
Q

Criticisms in Gestalt Psychology

A
  • Most evidence descriptive
  • Relies heavily on introspection and evidence from 2D drawings
  • Some segmentation occurs by top-down prior knowledge which is ignored
24
Q

Object recognition deficits

A
  • Agnosia = impairment in object recognition

- Different impairments arise depending on what stage object recognition damaged

25
2 types of Agnosia
- Apperceptive agnosia | - Associative agnosia
26
Apperceptive agnosia
- Damage to lateral occipital lobes - Impairment in the perceptual process - See parts but not the whole - Patient HJA: - -> Had it from extensive bilateral ventral-medial occipital damage - -> Could recognise objects from touch but not from visual recognition - -> Saw objects by parts - -> Problems grouping info
27
Associate agnosia
- Impairment in the process which maps perceptual representation onto stored knowledge - See the whole but not the meaning - Associated with left occipto-temporal damage - Patient LH: - -> Damage to occiipito-temoral brain regions - -> Could copy drawings of objects but couldn't name or show what they are for
28
Problems with face recognition
- Within-category discrimination = all faces look similar | - Faces important in evolutionary terms so may have specific mechanism
29
Prosopagnosia
- Impairment of face processing t - In study patient failed to recognise family but could do so by voice and could match different views of faces and name other objects --> impairment at the stage of matching to stored info
30
Fusiform face area
-Part of ventral stream that recognises faces
31
Holistic/configurable processing
- Faces processed holistically not in parts - Slower and less accurate at identifying upside down faces - Criticism = evidence shows that we use the horizontal contours around the eyes for recognition so its not hollistic
32
Visual expertise
- We have become experts at within category discriminations - Criticisms: - -> not all prosopagnosic patients are impaired on within-category discrimination - -> Patient WJ = owned a flock of sheep and could distinguish between them - -> Patient RM = could distinguish between his collection of 5000 miniature cars but was unable to identify famous faces or his/his wife face