Lecture 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Ebbinghaus study
A
- Studied 2300 nonsense syllables in lists of about 20 items
- Gave himself first item of list and had to recall all other items
- Results = law of repetition and forgetting
2
Q
Phases of memory
A
- Acquisition/encoding
- Storage = temporary memory trace in hippocampus and integration in cortical info networks
- Retrieval
3
Q
Multi-store model sub sections
A
- Sensory
- STM
- LTM
4
Q
Sensory store
A
- Retains sensory info
- Iconic memory = vision
- Echoic memory = hearing
- Haptic memory = touch
- Olfactory memory = smell
- Gustatory memory = taste
5
Q
Experiment for iconic memory
A
- Showed presentation of letters in 3X4 matrix
- Had to name as many letters as possible
- Could name about 4 letters
- However not capacity as people had feeling they saw more but couldn’t remember it
- Tone acted as spatial attention cue
- A tone indicated which row people have to start with - tone varied between -100ms to 1 second
- Conclusion = capacity large, duration after 250-500 ms performance was at its peak
6
Q
Experiment for echoic memory
A
- Same set up as iconic study but with headphones
- Found longer retention of 2-4 seconds
7
Q
STM
A
- Conscious processing
- Capacity 7+/- 2 (Miller)
- Chunking
- Limited duration if not reversed info lost between 15-20 seconds
8
Q
Criticisms of the MSM
A
- Pro-active interference
- Previous trials generate interference
- Retro active interference = new material interferes backwards
- Cue dependent forgetting (context)
9
Q
LTM
A
- Capacity = unlimited
- Duration = permanent
10
Q
Recency and primacy effects
A
- Recency effect = better memory for last few items
- Primacy effect = better memory for first few items
- Worse memory for middle items
11
Q
Working memory
A
- Baddeley and Hitch
- Splits STM up
- Central executive
- Phonological loop
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad
- Episodic buffer
12
Q
Phonological loop
A
Phonological store:
- -> inner ear
- -> Limited in time and capacity
- -> Codes for speech based info
Articulatory loop:
- -> Inner voice
- -> Active rehearsal
- -> Linked to speed
13
Q
Evidence for phonological loop
A
- Phonological similarity effect
- Word length effect
- Unattended speech effect
- Articulatory suppression effect
14
Q
Phonological similarity effect
A
-Forgetting happens if items sounds similar
15
Q
World length effect
A
- Memory span for short words greater than for long words
- Effect due to articulation duration, not number of syllables
- Span is how many words the articulatory loop can rehearse within 2 seconds
16
Q
Unattended speech effect
A
- Performance impaired when there is nonsense syllables, different language, vocal music
- But not impaired with instrumental music and white noise
17
Q
Articulatory suppression
A
- Rapid repetition of a simple sound e.g. ‘the the the’ which uses articulatory control in the phonological loop
- Preventing rehearsal by overt or covert articulation
- Auditory info has direct access to phonological store but visual info needs to be vocally rehearsed first
- Evident by the world length effect not disappearing
18
Q
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
A
- Visual cache = info about shape and colour
- Inner scribe = spatial and movement info
19
Q
Evidence for VS sketchpad
A
- Learn map of island
- Then told to go from well to tree
- Mental scanning between landmarks increases as the distance between them increases
- Found different brain areas active during visual (occipital) and spatial (parietal) learning tasks
20
Q
Central executive
A
- Maintains task goals and use this to direct processing
- Capacity limited
- Switching between strategies
- Attention and inhibition
- Mainly in frontal lobe
21
Q
Evidence for central executive
A
- Dysexecutive syndrome
- Disruption of CE due to frontal lobe damage
- Different parts of prefrontal cortex are responsible for different aspects of executive function
- Alzheimers patients
- Cant do 2 tasks together
- Due to CE function
22
Q
Episodic buffer
A
- Integrates info
- Holds 4 pieces of info
