Lecture 9

Question 1

Achromatopsia

Answer 1

loss of all cone receptors (no colour vision, poor vision in bright light, poor spatial detail), genetic

Question 2

Congenital analgesia

Answer 2

lack nociceptors and cannot feel pain (often can feel touch and some temp)

Question 3

Blindsight

Answer 3

ability of cortically blind people to perform visually mediated tasks without conscious awareness

Question 4

Agnosia

Answer 4

conscious inability to identify sensory stimuli not due to defecits in sensory, verbal, or cognitive abilities

Question 5

Visual agnosia

Answer 5

inability to recognize objects, their pictorial representations, or to draw/copy them (can describe features but not state what object is)

Question 6

Visual object agnosia

Answer 6

can see object but is unable to name, demonstrate use, or remember having seen it before. Lesion in L occipital lobe in V2 but more often bilateral.

Question 7

Object agnosia for drawings

Answer 7

affects recognition of a variety of drawn stimuli, incl realistic representations of simple objects, geometric figures, meaningless forms, incomplete figures, and abstract drawings. People with this condition can recognize real, physical objects. Lesion in V2.

Question 8

Akinetopsia

Answer 8

cortical motion blindness; can see objects but have trouble determining if it is moving; damage to MT or parietal lobe

Question 9

Hemifield neglect

Answer 9

can be restricted to vision but also affects other sensory systems (touch); R posterior parietal lobe damage; patient neglects one side

Question 10

Dorsal simultagnosia

Answer 10

inability to see 2+ things at once, when multiple objects are present only one is perceived (attended object); worse by motion; due to bilateral damage to parietal and occipital areas

Question 11

Ventral simultagnosia

Answer 11

inability to identify 2+ things at once, multiple objects can be seen but not identified or integrated; impairments in reading and counting, difficulties describing complex images; due to bilateral damage to temporal and occipital areas

Question 12

Global deficit

Answer 12

variety of neglect; neglect of vis, aud, and somaestheitc/somatosensory stim on the side of the body/space opposite the lesion

Question 13

Unilateral spatial neglect

Answer 13

usually left side

Question 14

Dressing apraxia

Answer 14

dress half the body

Question 15

Paralexia

Answer 15

read half a word

Question 16

Paragraphia

Answer 16

writes only half a word

Question 17

Hemiakinesia

Answer 17

poverty of movement of one side of the body

Question 18

Anosognosia

Answer 18

denial of illness or symptoms; damage in frontal & parietal lobes (as in alzheimer’s, huntington’s, schizophrenia, bipolar)

Question 19

Astereognosia

Answer 19

the inability to recognize objects from touch (damage to
primary somatosensory cortex); Also called tactile aphasia; Patients can recognize objects via other senses; This is not due to an inability to name the object – they can mime what the object is for

Question 20

Asomatognosia

Answer 20

the loss of knowledge or sense of one’s own body &
bodily condition. The person neglects part of his or her body; These may be for one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) sides of the body; most common for the left side of the body resulting from right hemispheric lesions; Correlated with visual neglect, but also involves a bodily dissociation

Question 21

somatoparaphrenia

Answer 21

denial of ownership of the effected limb or hand; substantial right hemisphere lesions that involve both parietal and somatosensory cortex.

Question 22

Misoplegia

Answer 22

extreme form of somatoparaphrenia - patient has feelings of hate and revulsion towards a body part; related to substantial right hemisphere lesions that involve both parietal and somatosensory cortex.

Question 23

Touch apraxia

Answer 23

a loss of skilled movement that is not caused by weakness; an inability to move; abnormal tone or posture, intellectual deterioration, poor comprehension or other disorders of
movement such as tremor.

Question 24

Ideomotor apraxia

Answer 24

patients are unable to copy movements or to make gestures (waving hello); Damage appears to be in left posterior parietal area.

Question 25

Constructional apraxia

Answer 25

patients are unable to perform activities such as assembling, building, or drawing; May result from injury to either parietal lobe E.g., these patients cannot put together a puzzle.

Question 26

Auditory agnosias

Answer 26

difficulty distinguishing environmental and non-verbal auditory cues; Also difficulty distinguishing speech from non-speech sounds; Two classes: Semantic associative (lesion to left hemisphere, Wernicke’s area) & Discriminative (right hemisphere)

Question 27

Semantic associative disorders

Answer 27

loss of meaning from spoken words; Can read, and understand sign language

Question 28

Discriminative associative disorders

Answer 28

cannot interpret non-speech sounds and relate to their | cause.

Question 29

Phonagnosia

Answer 29

inability to recognize or distinguish between voices; some cannot distinguish between voices but can recognize and vice versa; Can understand what is said; can identify emotion in voices (via the limbic system); Loss of recognition caused by damage to the parietal regions of the right hemisphere; Voice discrimination is impaired by temporal lobe damage of either hemisphere; evidence (limited) of congenital phonagnosia but it’s not well understood.

Question 30

Amusia

Answer 30

disruption in recognition of music (tones, melodies, or rhythms)

Question 31

Osmias

Answer 31

Disorders of smell are called

Question 32

Anosmia

Answer 32

Inability to detect odors

Question 33

Unilateral Anosmia

Answer 33

can be caused by minor head trauma (permanent) causing damage to the frontal lobe or olfactory cortex; loss is in one nostril and cannot be detected by testing both at the same time.

Question 34

Congenital anosmia

Answer 34

absence of the sense of smell from birth.

Question 35

Anosmia

Answer 35

loss of sense of smell; can be an early sign of degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease

Question 36

Hyposmia

Answer 36

Decreased ability to detect odours

Question 37

Dysosmia

Answer 37

Distorted identification of smell

Question 38

Phantosmia

Answer 38

Perception of smell without an odor present

Question 39

Geusias

Answer 39

Disorders of taste; typically caused by damage to the lingual or glossopharyngeal nerve, but can be caused by damage to the chorda tympani; can be caused by MS/Bell’s Palsy

Question 40

Ageusia

Answer 40

Inability to taste

Question 41

Hypogeusia

Answer 41

Decreased ability to taste

Question 42

Dysgeusia

Answer 42

Distorted ability to taste