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Sensation and Perception > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Acoustic Shadow

A

The shadow created by the head that decreases the level of high frequency sounds on the opposite side of the head. The acoustic shadow is the basis of the localization cue of interaural level difference.

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2
Q

Architectural Acoustics

A

The study of how sounds are reflected in rooms and how reflected sounds changes the quality of sounds we hear.

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3
Q

Auditory Localization

A

The perception of the localization of a sound source

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4
Q

Auditory Receiving Area (A1)

A

The area of the cortex, located in the temporal lobe, that is the primary receiving area for hearing.

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5
Q

Auditory Scene

A

The osund environment, which includes the locations and qualities of individual sound sources.

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6
Q

Auditory Scene Analysis

A

The process by which sound stimuli produced by the different sources in an auditory scene become perceptually organized into sounds at different locations and into separated streams of sound.

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7
Q

Auditory Space

A

Perception of where sounds are located in space. Auditory space extends around the listener’s head in all directions, existing whenever there is a sound.

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8
Q

Auditory Stream Segregation

A

The effect that occurs when a series of sounds that differ in pitch or timbre are played so that the tones become perceptually separated into simultaneously occurring independent streams of sound.

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9
Q

Azimuth

A

In hearing, specifies locations that vary from L to R relative to the listener.

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10
Q

Belt Area

A

Auditory area in the temporal lobe that receives signals from the core area and sends signals to the parabelt area.

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11
Q

Binaural Cue

A

Sound localization cue that involves both ears. Interaural time difference and interaural level difference are the primary binaural cues.

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12
Q

Cochlear Nucleus

A

The nucleus where nerve fibers from the cochlea first synapse.

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13
Q

Coincidence Detectors

A

Neurons in the Jeffress neural coincidence model, which was proposed to explain how neural firing can provide information regarding the location of a sound source. A neural coincidence detector fires when signals from the left and right ears reach the neuron simultaneously. Different neural coincidence detectors fire to different values of interaural time difference.

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14
Q

Cone of Confusion

A

A surface in the shape of a cone that extendsout from the ear. Sounds originating from different locations on this surface all have the same interaural level difference and interaural time difference, so location information provided by these cues is ambiguous.

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15
Q

Core Area

A

The area in the temporal lobe that includes A1 and some nearby areas. Signals from the core area are transmitted to the belt area.

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16
Q

Direct Sound

A

Sound that is transmitted directly from a sound source to the ears.

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17
Q

Distance

A

How far a stimulus is from the observer. In hearing, the distance coordinate specifies how far the sound source is from the listener.

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18
Q

Elevation

A

In hearing, sound locations that are up and down relative to the listener.

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19
Q

Indirect Sound

A

Sound that reaches a listener’s ear after being reflected from a surface such as a room’s walls.

20
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

A nucleus in the hearing system along the pathway from the cochlea to the auditory cortex. It receives input from the superior olivary nucleus.

21
Q

Interaural Level Difference (ILD)

A

Difference in sound pressure/level between L and R ears. This creates a shadow for the far ear. The ILD provides a cue for sound localization for high-frequency sounds.

22
Q

Interaural Time Difference (ITD)

A

When a sound is positioned closer to one ear than the other it reaches that ear first. The ITD provides a cue for sound localization.

23
Q

ITD Tuning Curves

A

plot of the neuron’s firing rate against the ITD

24
Q

Jeffress Model

A

Neural mechanism of auditory localization that proposes that neurons are wired to each receive signals from the two ears so that different neurons fire to different interaural time differences .

25
Q

Location Cue

A

In hearing, characteristics of the sound reaching the listener that provide information regarding the location of a sound source.

26
Q

Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

An auditory nucleus of the thalamus that is part of the pathway from the cochlea to the auditory cortex. The medial geniculate nucleus receives inputs from the inferior colliculus and transmits signals to the auditory cortex.

27
Q

Melodic Channeling

A

Illusion that occurs when successive nots of a scale are presented alternately to L and R ears. Even though each ear receives notes that jump up and down in frequency, smoothly ascending and descending scales are heard in each ear. Also called scale illusion.

28
Q

Melody Schema

A

A representation of a familiar melody that is stored in a person’s memory. Existence of a melody schema makes it more likely that the tones associated with a melody will be perceptually grouped.

29
Q

Metrical Structure

A

The underlying beat of music.

30
Q

Monaural Cue

A

Sound localization cue that involves one ear.

31
Q

Multisensory Interactions

A

Use of a combination of senses, for example vision and hearing, seeing a person’s lips move as they speak.

32
Q

Parabelt Area

A

Auditory area in the temporal lobe that receives signals from the belt area.

33
Q

Precedence Effect

A

The effect that occurs when two identical or very similar sounds reach a listener’s ears separated by a time interval of less than abour 50-100 ms, and the listener hears the first sound that reaches their ears.

34
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex (A1)

A

Area of the temporal lobe that receives signals via nerve fibers from the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus.

35
Q

Reverberation Time

A

time it takes for a sound produced in an enclosed space to decrease to 1/1000th of its original pressure.

36
Q

Rhythmic Pattern

A

In music, the series of changes across time (mix of shorter and longer notes) in a temporal pattern.

37
Q

Scale Illusion

A

Illusion that occurs when successive nots of a scale are presented alternately to L and R ears. Even though each ear receives notes that jump up and down in frequency, smoothly ascending and descending scales are heard in each ear. Also called melodic channeling.

38
Q

Signal-to-noise Ratio (S/N)

A

The level of a sound signal in decibels minus the level of background noise in decibels.

39
Q

Spectral Cue

A

Distribution of frequencies reaching the ear that are associated with specific locations of a sound. The differences in frequencies are caused by interaction of sound with the listener’s head and pinnae.

40
Q

Subcortical Structures

A

Structure below the cerebral cortex. Cochlear nucleus and Superior Olivary Nucleus are examples in the auditory system.

41
Q

Superior Olivary Nucleus

A

A nucleus along the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the auditory cortex. The superior olivary nucleus receives input from the cochlear nucleus.

42
Q

Two-Flash Illusion

A

An illusion that occurs when one flash of light is presented, accompanied by two rapidly presented tones. Presentatino of the two tones causes the observer to perceive two flashes of light.

43
Q

Ventriloquism Effect

A

When sound is heard coming from a seen location, even though it is actually originating somewhere else, also called visual capture.

44
Q

Vestibular System

A

The mechanism in the inner ear that is responsible for balance and sensing the position of the body.

45
Q

Visual Capture

A

When sound is heard coming from a seen location, even though it is actually originating somewhere else, also called the ventriloquism effect.

46
Q

auditory grouping principles

A
  • location
  • similarity of timbre/pitch
  • temporal proximity
  • onset/offset
  • good continuation/auditory continuity
  • experience

Sensation and Perception (18 decks)

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