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Sensation and Perception > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

Accross-Fiber patterns

A

The pattern of nerve firing that a stimulus creates across a number of neurons (distributed coding)

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2
Q

Amiloride

A

A substance that blocks the flow of sodium into taste receptors

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3
Q

Amygdala

A

subcortical structure that is involved in emotional responding and in processing olfactory signals

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4
Q

Bimodal neuron

A

A neron that response to stimuli associated with more than one sense

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5
Q

Calcium imaging

A

method of measuring receptor activity by using fluorescence to measure the concentration of calcium inside the receptor, has been used to measure the activation of olfactory receptor neurons

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6
Q

Chemotopic map

A

pattern of activation in the olfactory system in which chemicals with different properties create a “map” of activation based on these properties, for example there is eveidence that chemicals are mapped in the olfactory bulb based on carbon-chain length (odotopic/odor map)

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7
Q

Detection threshold

A

minimum amount of energy that can be detected - detection threshold for smell is the lowest concentration at which an oderant can be detected (recognition threshold requires a higher concentration)

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8
Q

Flavour

A

perception that occurs from the combination of taste and olfaction

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9
Q

Frontal operculum cortex

A

area in the frontal lobe of the cortex that receives signals from the taste system

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10
Q

Glomeruli

A

small structures in the olfactory bylb that receive signals from similar olfactory receptor neurons, one function of each glomerulus is to collect information about a small group of oderants

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11
Q

Insula

A

area in the frontal lobe of the cortex that receives signals from the taste system and is also involved in the affective component of pain perception

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12
Q

Macrosmatic

A

having a keen sense of smell; usually important to an animal’s survival

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13
Q

Microsmatic

A

Having a weak sense of smell; usually occurs in animals like humans where smell is not crucial for survival

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14
Q

Nasal Pharynx

A

passageway that connects mouth cavity and nasal passageway

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15
Q

Neurogenesis

A

occurs for olfaction and taste - cycle of birth, development and death of a neuron

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16
Q

Nontaster

A

a person who can not taste the compound phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)

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17
Q

Nucleus of solitary tract

A

The nucleus in the brain stem that receives signals from the tongue, mouth, and the larynx transmitted by the chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves

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18
Q

Odor map

A

pattern of activation in the olfactory system in which chemicals with different properties create a “map” of activation based on these properties, for example there is eveidence that chemicals are mapped in the olfactory bulb based on carbon-chain length (chemotopic/odotopic map)

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19
Q

Odor object

A

The source of an odor

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20
Q

Odotopic map

A

pattern of activation in the olfactory system in which chemicals with different properties create a “map” of activation based on these properties, for example there is eveidence that chemicals are mapped in the olfactory bulb based on carbon-chain length (chemotopic/odor map)

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21
Q

Olfaction

A

sense of smell, usually resulting from stimulation of receptors in the olfactory mucosa

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22
Q

Olfactometer

A

a device that presents olfactory stimuli with great precision

23
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

the structure that receives signals directly from the olfactory receptors. THe olfactory bulb contains glomeruli, which receive these signals from the receptors.

24
Q

Olfactory mucosa

A

The region inside the nose that contains the receptors for sense of smell

25
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs)

A

sensory neurons in olfactory mucosa that contain olfactory receptors

26
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

a protein string that responds to odor stimuli

27
Q

Optical imaging

A

technique to measure activity of large areas ont he olfactory bulb by measuring the intensity of red light reflected from the bulb

28
Q

Oral capture

A

Condition in which sensations from olfaction and taste are perceived as being located in the mouth

29
Q

Orbitofrontal cortex

A

area in frontal lobe near the eyes that receives signals originating in the olfactory receptors, also known as secondary olfactory cortex

30
Q

Papillae

A

ridges and valleys of the tongue, some of which contain taste buds - filiform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate

31
Q

Pheremone

A

chemical signal released by an individual that affects the physiology and behaviour of other individuals

32
Q

Piriform cortex

A

an area under the temporal lobe that receives signals from glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (primary olfactory cortex)

33
Q

Primary olfactory area

A

small area under the temporal lobe that receives signals from glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. Also called piriform cortex.

34
Q

Proust effect

A

Elicitation of memories through taste and olfaction, named for Proust who described unlocked childhood memories from taste and smell of tea soaked madeleine cake

35
Q

Recognition profile

A

Pattern of olfactory activation for an odourant, indicating which ORNs are activated by the oderant

36
Q

Recognition threshold

A

concentration at which the quality of an odour can be recognized

37
Q

Retronasal route

A

opening from oral cavity, through nasal pharynx, into nasal cavity. The basis for how smell combines with taste to create flavour.

38
Q

Secondary olfactory area

A

area in frontal lobe near the eyes that receives signals originating in the olfactory receptors, also known as orbitofrontal cortex

39
Q

Sensory-specific satiety

A

The effect on perception of the odor associated with food eaten to satiety (i.e. full of bananas, odor is rated negative, vanilla odor is lessened but still positive)

40
Q

Supertaster

A

A person especially sensitive to bitter substance 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP)

41
Q

Tastebud

A

A structure located within the papillae on the tongue that contains the taste cells

42
Q

Taste cell

A

cells located in taste buds that causes the transduction of chemical to electrical energy when chemicals contact receptor sites or channels located at the tip of the cell

43
Q

Taste pore

A

Opening in the taste bud through which the tips of the taste cell protrude. When chemicals enter a taste pore they stimulate the taste cell and result in transduction.

44
Q

Taster

A

A person who can taste the compound phenythiocarbamide (PTC)

45
Q

2-deoxyglucose technique

A

injecting a radioactive 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) molecule into an animal and exposing the animal to different chemicals. Glucose in 2DG is taken up by active neurons, so by measuring radioactivity in various parts of a structure we can determine which neurons are most activated by the different chemicals.

46
Q

Video microscopy

A

a technique that has been used to take pictures of pappilae and taste buds on the tongue

47
Q

Yes/No procedure

A

participants are given trials with odours along with blank trials, yes/no response, bias as participant chooses to respond

48
Q

Forced choice

A

2 trials, one with and one without odorant, participant indicates which smells strongest.

49
Q

Combinatorial code for odour

A

Malnic et al. from results of calcium imaging experiments, odourants coded by patterns of activation olfactory receptors called recognition profiles (the smell we recognize)

50
Q

Filiform

A

shaped like cones – on entire surface (no taste buds)

51
Q

Fungiform

A

shaped like mushrooms and found on sides and tip

52
Q

Foliate

A

series of folds on back and sides

53
Q

Circumvallate

A

shaped like flat mounds in a trench located at the back

54
Q

Taste buds

A

10,000 w 50-100 taste cells (transduction occurs when chemicals contact receptor sites on tips)

Sensation and Perception (18 decks)

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