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1 PID Unit > lecture 9 > Flashcards

lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

which type of virus is commonly associated with pastries?

A

Norovirus

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2
Q

If a blood culture grows gram + spore forming rods, which two types of bacteria should you immediately think of?

A

1) Bacillus cereus

2) Bacillus anthracis

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3
Q

T/F Most individuals are immune to the toxins released by Diphtheria?

A

True. We have corynebacteria as part of our normal flora, and since we are vaccinated against it as children, it hardly ever causes problems in the USA.

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4
Q

what type of bacteria is Corynebacterium diptheria?

A

Gram + rod that releases an exotoxin.

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5
Q

What do high iron levels do to the diphtheria toxin?

A

High iron levels function as co-repressors of exotoxin production.

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6
Q

How do bacteria make the active diphtheria toxin?

A

It starts out as a very long chain that is nicked into two parts. Part A=active enzyme, Part B=cell binding. (part B binds and facilitates the entry of Part A)

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7
Q

Once part A of the diphtheria toxin makes it into the cell, what does it do?

A

It catalyzes this rxn: Product inactivates protein synthesis(A + NAD + EF-2 –> A + N + ADPR-Diphthamide-EF-2)

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8
Q

Where do you usually find staphylococcal enterotoxin A?

A

It is a common superantigen agent that frequently results in food poisoning.

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9
Q

What causes hemolytic uremic syndrome?

A

Shiga like toxin

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10
Q

Scarlet fever toxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin A, cholera toxin, shiga like toxin, and diptheria are all examples of what?

A

Bacteriophage encoded exotoxins

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11
Q

Were does diphtheria usually colonize?

A

The pharynx, larynx, and nose.

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12
Q

What does the diphtheria toxin do to those individual susceptible to it?

A

kills epithelial cells and infiltrating PMN’s
creates an ulcer which is convered with with necrotic exudate
forms what is called a pseudo membrane
Releases toxin

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13
Q

What is are the classic signs of acute diphtheria toxin?

A

bull neck appearance with internal pseudomembrane.

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14
Q

what is the major way in which diphtheria kills the patient?

A

It stops their heart

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15
Q

Does diphtheria effect the blood and lymphatic tissue?

A

Yes. This is how it kills.

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16
Q

what major problems can diphtheria cause?

A

1) Fever, vomiting, diarrhea
2) Myocarditis (This is how it usually kills)
3) polyneuritis (demyelination leading to paralysis of the soft palate)

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17
Q

How do you diagnose someone who has diphtheria?

A

1) pseudomembrane
2) detection of exotoxin
3) bull neck appearance

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18
Q

How do you treat someone with diphtheria?

A

1) treat with antitoxin
2) use antibiotics (penecillin/erythromycin because it is sensitive to most antibiotics)
3) Tracheotomy if needed.

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19
Q

How do you prevent diphtheria?

A

DTaP vaccine

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20
Q

How often is the DTaP vaccine given?

A

It is given as a series of 5. 2, 4, 6, 18 months, then at 4-6 years of age. The tetanus vaccination needs to be renewed every 10 years thereafter.

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21
Q

where do you generally find listeria monocytogenes contamination?

A

cheeses or machinery used to process foods.

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22
Q

T/F listeria monocyogenes can infect a pregnant woman and transverse across the placenta to the fetus?

A

TRUE

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23
Q

T/F To help kill listeria monocytogenes, you should give the antibiotic vancomycin?

A

false. It is an intracellular pathogen so antibiotics do not help kill it off.

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24
Q

Why do you see granulomas with listeria monocytogenes?

A

It is because the organism escapes the phagosome within the macrophage and so it doesn’t become killed. This means that the body tries to wall it off like it does with tuberculosis.

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25
Q

what protein allows listeria monocytogenes to escape the phagosome?

A

Listeriolysin O. (it is a hemolysin)

26
Q

why are CD8 cells heavily involved in killing listeria monocytogenes?

A

it is because it is an intracellular pathogen. This would be presented on MHC I and presented to CD 8 killer cells.

27
Q

Who do listeria monocytogenes usually infect?

A

immunocompromised individuals and developing fetuses.

28
Q

What is listeria monocytogenes major virulance factor?

A

intracellular survival by escaping the phagosome

29
Q

What does the protein internalin do?

A

Its a surface protein that helps listeria with invasion of cells

30
Q

How do listeria monocyoges get from one place to another?

A

Flagella through actin polymerization. This is due mainly to ActA and gelsolin proteins. This may also help them to invade neighboring cells.

31
Q

What do you often see with dysentery?

A

bloody diarrhea.

32
Q

listeria monocytogens has a trophism for what?

A

CNS

33
Q

What should you always think when you see gram + motile rods?

A

listeria monocytogenes

34
Q

T/F Meningitis is commonly caused by listeria?

A

True in neonates;

1) 40% group B strep
2) 40% E. Coli
3) 10% listeria

35
Q

If you see a spore forming Gram + aerobe, what should you be thinking?

A

B. anthracis or B. cereus

36
Q

T/F B. cereus is one of the first organisms shown to cause disease?

A

False, It is B. Anthracis

37
Q

How big are the Bacillus bacteria?

A

about 10um by 2um (the spores are about 1um)

38
Q

How do you differentiate Bacillus anthracis from bacillus cereus?

A

B. Anthracis:non hemolytic, non motile, medusa head colonyB. Cereus:hemolytic, non motile

39
Q

What is the only organism with the poly D acid capsule?

A

Bacillus anthracis

40
Q

How is B anthracis transmitted?

A

through highly resistant spores. Humans exhibit moderate resistance to infection.

41
Q

How do you usually acquire B cereus?

A

From starchy foods in restaurants (food poisening). Note that you can also get spores into wounds that will grow and cause necrotizing fasciitis/myositis.

42
Q

T/F B cereus food poisoning presents just like S. aureus food poisoning?

A

TRUE

43
Q

Is B anthracis endemic to the soil of the midwest?

A

Well it can be in certain areas like Minnesota.

44
Q

What is the #1 biotoxin in the world?

A

Enterotoxin B from staph because you cannot denature it.

45
Q

What antibiotics is B anthracis sensitive to?

A

every antibiotic

46
Q

Once a spore from anthrax enters the skin wound, what happens?

A

2-10 days later you see a lesion.

Pustule to eschar progressing to a black scab.

47
Q

what prevents phagocytosis of B anthracis?

A

Its capsule made of poly d glutamic acid!

48
Q

How do anthrax toxins work?

A

You have an A part and a B part.The A part can either be the lethal factor or the edema factor. The B part is the homo heptamer circle carrier that allows it to bind the cell. When they are put together, they cause disease.

49
Q

Protein A lethal factor is what kind of protein?

A

protein kinase protease

50
Q

Protein A edema factor is what kind of protein?

A

adenylate cyclase protein.

51
Q

In a bioterrorist attack with anthrax, how long would it take to see symptoms and where would you see the effects?

A

1-2 days and you would see it in the mediastinum where the spores would have been carried from the lungs to germinate.

52
Q

What would you see (symptoms) with inhalation of anthrax?

A

1-2 days you would see massive edema of the neck, chest, and mediastinum. You would see fever, respiratory failure, and septiciemia.

53
Q

What would you expect with ingestion of anthrax?

A

high fever, hypotension, shock and death. NOTE: these sympotoms parallel typhoid fever.

54
Q

Why do you see a widening of the mediastinum with anthrax exposure to the lungs?

A

Because the spores have been carried to the local lymph nodes by phagocytes and are now causing edema/inflammation.

55
Q

T/F antibodies are available for anthrax exposure?

A

True. IVIG from the military against the protective antigen

56
Q

B. cereus food poisoning usually occurs in 2 ways which are?

A

1) ingesting pre-formed toxin

2) ingesting spores

57
Q

Which toxin is usually associated with starchy foods such as grains, rice, and potatoes?

A

B cereus toxin

58
Q

when you get food poisoning from eating pre-formed enterotoxins of B cereus, what symptoms would you expect?

A

Vomiting & diarrhea in 2-8 hours

NO FEVER

59
Q

when you get food poisoning from eating spores of B cereus, what symptoms would you expect?

A

vomiting and diarrhea in 24-48 hours

NO FEVER

60
Q

T/F B cereus will cause highly lethal necrotizing fasciitis?

A

True. This will be accompanied by HIGH FEVER, hypotension, shock, and even death.

61
Q

Which 3 types of bacteria are known to cause necrotizing fasciitis?

A 
#1 cause is group A strep
#2 cause is staph aureus
#3 cause is Bacillus cereus

1 PID Unit (12 decks)

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