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1 PID Unit > 6 > Flashcards

6 Flashcards

1
Q

What syndromes could potentially cause a total body skin peeling with a sunburn-like rash in newborns?

A

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, Staphylococcal TSS, and Streptococcal TSS

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2
Q

Which toxins are the major causes of Staph TSS?

A

TSST-1, enterotoxin B, enterotoxin C

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3
Q

Which toxins are the major causes of Staph Scalded skin syndrome?

A

exfoliative toxin A and B

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4
Q

General mechanisms of transmission (review)

A

aerosol, direct contact, sexual contact, vectors, fecal:Oral (water), food, endogenous, nosocomial

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5
Q

What is a flat, sunburn-like rash called?

A

macular erythroderma

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6
Q

What is a bumpy rash called?

A

papular

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7
Q

What is a flat, sunburn-like rash with bumps called?

A

maculo-papular

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8
Q

What is a rash with hives called?

A

urticarial

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9
Q

What is a rash with small fluid-filled sacs called?

A

vesicular

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10
Q

What is a rash with large fluid-filled sacs called?

A

bullous

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11
Q

What is a rash with fluid-filled sacs with yellow, white, or green pus called?

A

pustular

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12
Q

What is a rash with small rose-shaped spots called?

A

petechial

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13
Q

what usually causes the rose-shaped spots of the petechial rash?

A

blood vessel damage in gram-negative infections

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14
Q

What is a purple rash due to blood leaving the blood vessels called?

A

purpuric

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15
Q

What is a floor burn-like rash that eventually becomes a black scab called?

A

eschar

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16
Q

Which type of rash may be associated with menstrual TSS?

A

macular erythroderma

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17
Q

what type of rash is associated with chickenpox?

A

papular rash

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18
Q

what type of rash may be seen with staphylococcal impetigo?

A

pustular rash

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19
Q

What type of rash is associated with a cutaneous anthrax infection?

A

eschar

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20
Q

What is a primary pathogen?

A

A microbe that, when present in the host, typically causes illness

21
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Often normal flora microbe that causes illness when the host is immune compromised.

22
Q

What are the four types of primary pathogens?

A

exotoxemia, invasive extracellular, exotoxemia + invasive extracellular, invasive intracellular

23
Q

Tetanus, Diphtheria, Cholera, TSS,

Scarlet Fever fall into which category of primary pathogen?

A

exotoxemia

24
Q

Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus

pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis fall into which category of primary pathogen?

A

invasive extracellular

25
Q

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes fall into which category of primary pathogen?

A

exotoxemia + invasive extracellular

26
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi, Listeria monocytogenes fall into which category of primary pathogen?

A

invasive intracellular

27
Q

What are examples of the major categories exotoxins (review)?

A

ADP ribosylating enzymes, depurinating enzymes, cytolysins/cytotoxins, proteases, superantigens

28
Q

T/F: Many exotoxins are referred to as A:B or B:B toxins, where A=active and B=host cell binding.

A

T

29
Q

Where are many exotoxins encoded?

A

bacteriophages, plasmids, or pathogenicity islands

30
Q

On what does immunity to exotoxin illnesses depend?

A

neutralizing antibodies

31
Q

Why don’t people develop neutralizing antibodies to tetanus and botulism toxins during illness?

A

they are too toxic to be immunogenic

32
Q

T/F: immunity to exotoxins always provides protection from illness?

A

F; immunity to some exotoxin provides protection, while immunity to others does not

33
Q

Of what do vaccines against exotoxins consist?

A

toxoids that are biologically inactive forms of toxins

34
Q

Some examples of vaccines against exotoxins (review)

A

diptheria, tetanus, and pertussis.

35
Q

the virulence of invasive extracellular pathogens depends primarily on what two factors?

A

host attachment mechanisms and antiphagocytic capsules

36
Q

T/F: invasive extracellular organisms usually invade hosts through the skin.

A

F; they usually invade through mucosal surfaces

37
Q

T/F: invasive extracellular pathogens usually cause illness through extensive inflammation

A

T

38
Q

On what does immunity to invasive extracellular pathogens depend?

A

opsonic antibodies to capsules or other cell-surface virulence factors

39
Q

T/F: exotoxemia and invasive extracellular pathogens depend on both exotoxins and invasive properties.

A

T

40
Q

T/F: exotoxemia and invasive extracellular pathogens are always highly inflammatory.

A

F; usually, but not always

41
Q

On what does immunity to exotoxemia and invasive extracellular pathogens depend?

A

both neutralizing and opsonic antibodies

42
Q

Do we have vaccines for exotoxemia and invasive extracellular pathogens?

A

NO.

43
Q

In which immune cells are invasive intracellular bacteria able to survive?

A

PMNs, Macrophages, and B-cells

44
Q

T/F: Invasive intracellular bacteria are highly inflammatory.

A

F; they usually induce granuloma formation instead of inflammation

45
Q

On what does immunity to invasive intracellular pathogens depend?

A

direct T-cell killing or T cells activating macrophages to kill the pathogens

46
Q

What type of vaccines are used for invasive intracellular organisms, and why?

A

live attenuated vaccines are used, because killed vaccines stimulate antibodies which makes the illnesses worse.

47
Q

What is the correct immune response to Staph aureus?

A

must make both opsonic antibodies and neutralizing antibodies, or the host will die of delayed hypersensitivity

48
Q

What is the correct immune response to Typhoid fever?

A

Must make a Th1 response activating macrophages for immunity to typhoid fever, because antibodies enhance typhoid

1 PID Unit (12 decks)

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