Lecture 9

Question 1

For light to be absorbed, ___ must be present.

Answer 1

pigments

Question 2

___ within ___ cells are the actual sites of photosynthesis.

Answer 2

chloroplasts, mesophyll

Question 3

Photosynthetic pigments are ___.

Answer 3

chlorophylls

Question 4

Pigments other than chlorophylls = ___.

Answer 4

carotenoids

Question 5

Of the carotenoids, we get orange from ___ and yellow from ___. They’re normally masked by the ___.

Answer 5

carotenes, xanthophylls, chlorophylls

Question 6

2 stages of photosynthesis occur in chloroplasts: ___ ___ and the ___ ___.

Answer 6

light reactions, Calvin cycle

Question 7

In the light reactions, ___ ___ are split, releasing ___ and ___.

Answer 7

water molecules, oxygen, electrons

Question 8

In light reactions, after water molecules are split, the electrons they release are used in a process that results in the formation of 2 energy molecules: ___ and ___.

Answer 8

ATP, NADPH

Question 9

The Calvin cycle is the ___ phase of photosynthesis, in which ___ is transformed into ___.

Answer 9

biochemical, CO2, sugars

Question 10

The Calvin cycle doesn’t use light energy directly, but it uses the ___ and ___ produced in the light reactions.

Answer 10

ATP, NADPH

Question 11

The end product of the Calvin cycle is the formation of a ___ ___ which requires the input of ___ ___ of ___.

Answer 11

six-carbon sugar, 6 molecules, CO2

Question 12

The carbon dioxide for the ___ ___ enters the leaf by diffusing through the ___.

Answer 12

Calvin cycle, stomata

Question 13

After being unloaded, sugars are usually converted to ___.

Answer 13

starch

Question 14

Very few species ___ ___. The only important sources of it are ___ and ___.

Answer 14

store sucrose, sugarcane, sugarbeet

Question 15

Sugarcane provides over ___ of the world’s sugar supply.

Answer 15

50%

Question 16

Sugarcanes generally contain ___-___ sucrose.

Answer 16

12-15%

Question 17

Sugarbeets provide close to ___ of the world’s supply of table sugar.

Answer 17

40%

Question 18

___ is the most common storage compound. It is an energy ___ for plants and an energy ___ for the animals that feed on those plants.

Answer 18

starch, reserve, source

Question 19

Aside from starch, plants can also store ___ (___) and ___.

Answer 19

oils, triglycerides, proteins

Question 20

In cellular respiration, ___ is completely broken down into ___ and ___ through the release of energy in a form usable by cells.

Answer 20

glucose, CO2, water

Question 21

The 3 steps of cellular respiration are ___, the ___ ___, and the ___ ___ ___.

Answer 21

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system

Question 22

Glycolysis takes place in all cells’ ___. Glucose is broken down into ___ molecules of ___. Then, 10 different reactions lead to an energy yield of ___ ATP and ___ ___.

Answer 22

cytoplasms, 2, pyruvate, 2, 2 NADH

Question 23

The Krebs cycle takes about ___ steps. ___ ___ from glycolysis is broken down completely into ___. The energy yield is ___ ATP, ___ ___, and ___ ___.

Answer 23

6, pyruvic acid, CO2, 2, 8 NADH, 2 FADH

Question 24

The electron transport system requires ___ for its reactions. It produces ___ ATP from ___ and ___. It also produces some ___.

Answer 24

oxygen, 32, NADH, FADH, water

Question 25

Throughout cellular respiration…
___ ATP from glycolysis + ___ from Krebs cycle + ___ from electron transport system = ___ total ATP from each molecule of ___.

Answer 25

2, 2, 32, 36, glucose

Question 26

In photosynthesis, energy is ___, while in respiration it is ___.

Answer 26

stored, released

Question 27

The reactants in photosynthesis are ___, ___, and ___.

Answer 27

CO2, energy from the sun, water

Question 28

The products of photosynthesis are ___ and ___.

Answer 28

glucose, oxygen

Question 29

The reactants in respiration are ___ and ___.

Answer 29

glucose, oxygen

Question 30

The products of respiration are ___, ___, and ___ ___.

Answer 30

36 ATP, CO2, water

Question 31

Complete oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen = ___ ___.

Answer 31

aerobic respiration

Question 32

Respiration without oxygen = ___ ___ or ___.

Answer 32

anaerobic respiration, fermentation

Question 33

The 2 types of fermentation are ___ fermentation and ___ ___ fermentation.

Answer 33

alcohol, lactic acid

Question 34

___ ___ is relevant to yeast, plants, baking, and brewing.

Answer 34

alcohol fermentation

Question 35

___ ___ ___ is relevant to bacteria, humans, dairy, silage, and pickles. It also is relevant to excessive exercise in that it contributes to muscle fatigue and soreness.

Answer 35

lactic acid fermentation