lecture 9

Question 1

eukaryotic cell “walls” can be made of _____ or _____

Answer 1

cellulose or chitin

Question 2

archaea cell walls are made of:

Answer 2

polysaccharides and proteins

Question 3

bacteria cell walls are made of :

Answer 3

peptidoglycan, a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

Question 4

the gram + cell wall of bacteria is what type of toxin?

Answer 4

exotoxin

Question 5

the gram - cell wall of bacteria is what type of toxin?

Answer 5

endotoxin

Question 6

capsules often present:

Answer 6

sticky coating of polysaccharides or proteins

Question 7

fimbrae often present:

Answer 7

sticky hair-like projections

Question 8

what are pili?

Answer 8

allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

Question 9

what do fimbrae and capsules have in common?

Answer 9

allow bacteria to adhere to eachother or other surfaces

Question 10

what is exaptation?

Answer 10

existing structures take on a new function through descent with modification. such as flagella likely evolving from existing proteins.

Question 11

how do prokarytoes reproduce?

Answer 11

binary fission, in short generation times like 1-3 hours

Question 12

what 3 factors contribute to prokaryotic genetic diversity?

Answer 12

rapid reproduction
mutation
genetic recombination

Question 13

what is genetic recombination

Answer 13

when DNA from different individuals can be brought together by transformation, transduction, and conjugation

Question 14

what is horizontal gene transfer

Answer 14

movement of genes among individuals from different species

Question 15

what are the 2 categories of obtaining energy

Answer 15

phototrophs and chemotrophs

Question 16

chemotrophs obtain energy from:

Answer 16

chemicals

Question 17

what is a phototroph

Answer 17

an organism that obtains ENERGY by LIGHT

Question 18

what are autotrophs

Answer 18

use CO2 as a carbon source

Question 19

what are heterotrophs

Answer 19

require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds

Question 20

what is a photoautotroph?

Answer 20

organism that gets energy from light and carbon from CO2

Question 21

if an organism requires chemicals and organic nutrients for nutrition, its called a:

Answer 21

chemoheterotroph

Question 22

what is nitrogen fixation in prokaryotes?

Answer 22

when they convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

Question 23

which vitamins do bacteria in our microbiome produce?

Answer 23

B vitamins such as vitamin B12, thiamine and riboflavin, and vitamin k (used for blood coagulation)

Question 24

besides produce vitamins, what do bacteria in our microbiomes help us do?

Answer 24

digest food, regulate immune system, protect against bad bacteria

Question 25

what is an extreme halophile

Answer 25

an archaea that lives in a high saline environment

Question 26

endotoxins are:

Answer 26

toxic lipids on the surface of gram negative bacteria

Question 27

what are exotoxins

Answer 27

toxic proteins excreted by some bacteria (gram +)

Question 28

why are fungi essential for most terrestrial ecosystems?

Answer 28

because they breakdown organic material and recycle vital nutrients

Question 29

what are the 5 key traits of all fungi

Answer 29

1. eukaryotic
2. heterotrophs
3. chitin cell wall
4. filamentous hyphae
5. lack tissues

Question 30

what are the types of fungi lifestyles

Answer 30

decomposers
parasites
mutualists

Question 31

what are endophytes?

Answer 31

mutualistic fungi that affects plants

Question 32

what are the most common body structures of fungi?

Answer 32

multicellular filamentous (molds) and single cells (yeasts)

Question 33

what are mycelia

Answer 33

in fungi, are networks of branched hyphae adapted for absorption

Question 34

what is the reproductive structure in fungi?

Answer 34

mushroom; tiny haploid spores are produced inside the mushroom.

Question 35

what are coenocytic fungi?

Answer 35

fungi that lack septa and instead have continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei

Question 36

what are haustoria

Answer 36

found in unique fungi, they are specialized hyphae that penetrate tissues of their host and digest them (animal eating fungi)

Question 37

what are arbuscules?

Answer 37

found in some mutualistic and parasitic fungi, they are specialized hyphae that can extract nutrients from living plant cells

Question 38

how do fungi reproduce

Answer 38

they propagate themselves by spores either sexually or asexually

Question 39

what are deuteromycetes

Answer 39

fungi that can only reproduce asexually

Question 40

how does a mold produce asexually

Answer 40

they produce haploid spores by mitosis and form visible mycelia- ex: penicillium

Question 41

fungi are most closely related to:

Answer 41

unicellular nucleariids

Question 42

what are the 5 lineages of fungi

Answer 42

1. chytridiomycota
2. zygomycota
3. glomeromycota
4. ascomycota
5. basidiomycota