lecture 4

Question 1

what does primary growth lead to?

Answer 1

lengthens roots and shoots

Question 2

what does secondary growth lead to

Answer 2

increases the diameter of stems and roots in woody plants

Question 3

what is an example of apomixis

Answer 3

dandelions cloning with dispersal

Question 4

which gene is self incompatibility determined with

Answer 4

S genes

Question 5

what is the node

Answer 5

the point at which leaves are attached (regarding the stem)

Question 6

what is an internode

Answer 6

the stem segment between nodes

Question 6

what do the apical buds/ shoot apical meristems do

Answer 6

elongation of a young shoot( terminal bud)

Question 6

what do axillary buds do

Answer 6

form lateral vegetative branches, thorns and flowers

Question 7

leaves consist of:

Answer 7

1. flattened blade and stalk
2. petioles- joins the blade to the stem
3. veins- vascular tissues

Question 7

what are root hairs and what do they do

Answer 7

they are extensions of epidermal hairs for increased absorption (Near the root tip)

Question 8

what are the lateral roots

Answer 8

side roots, that arise from the adventitious roots

Question 9

what does the root apical meristem do?

Answer 9

increases root length

Question 10

What are 3 examples of modified stems

Answer 10

1. rhizoids
2. stolons (asexual “runners”)
3. Tubers (ex: potatoes) enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons for food storage

Question 11

what are examples of modified leaves

Answer 11

1.tendrils (for climbing)
2. spines (for protection. ie. cactus)
3. reproductive leaves (for cloning and asexual reproduction)
4. storage leaves (ex: onions)

Question 12

what are some examples of modified roots?

Answer 12

1. prop roots- support super tall trees
2. storage roots- store food and water (ex: radish)
3. green roots- photosynthetic roots in aerial plants
4. pneumatophores- air roots on aquatic plants to obtain oxygen
5. strangling aerial roots- anchor the plant in the branches to the ground

Question 13

what is the stele

Answer 13

xylem + phloem

Question 14

what are the jobs of the ground tissue system?

Answer 14

storage, photosynthesis, support, transport

Question 15

where is the pith

Answer 15

internal to the vascular tissue

Question 16

what do the parenchyma cells do

Answer 16

perform metabolic functions of plant, can divide and differentiate ro repair tissues

Question 17

what do the collenchyma cells do?

Answer 17

have supportive function

Question 18

how are the vessel elements aligned?

Answer 18

perforation plates, forming long micro-pipes known as vessels

Question 19

sieve tube elements are alive but lack? (4)

Answer 19

1. nucleus
2. ribosomes
3. cytoskeleton
4. vacuole

Question 20

what do the companion cells do and how are they connected to the sieve tube elements

Answer 20

metabolic products are transferred from companion cells to the sieve tube elements. they are connected by plasmodesmata

Question 21

what type of tissue are the meristems made from

Answer 21

embryonic tissue

Question 22

where and what do the apical meristems do?

Answer 22

they are at the tips of roots, shoots and in axillary buds. they enable primary growth(increasing height)

Question 23

what do the lateral meristems do?

Answer 23

add thickness to woody plants. secondary growth

Question 24

what is the definition of indeterminate growth

Answer 24

plants keep growing throughout their lives due to meristems