Lecture 9

Question 1

What triggered rising interest in STN research?

Answer 1

In 1997 FDA approved DBS for essential tremor, PD, and dystonia on the STN.

Question 2

What is the STN a part of?

Answer 2

Basal ganglia

Question 3

What behaviours is the BG crucial for?

Answer 3

Motor and decision making behaviour

Question 4

What was the first target of DBS?

Answer 4

Globus pallidus

Question 5

Where does the STN receive input from?

Answer 5

Directly from the cortex or indirectly from the cortex through the basal ganglia

Question 6

What is the internal structure of the STN like?

Answer 6

Most common model for human STN: motor part (dorsal), associative (middle), limbic (ventral)

Question 7

Which part of the STN do we want to stimulate in PD patients?

Answer 7

Motor

Question 8

What happens when DBS is done a bit too deep at the limbic part?

Answer 8

Hypersexuality, suicidal behaviour

Question 9

First, the 3 subdivisions in the STN were found in how many of the sample STNs?

Answer 9

25%

Question 10

Tracing studies give you info about…

Answer 10

Anatomical detail and which area projects to which area

Question 11

Cytoarchitectural approaches

Answer 11

Microscopy approach, gives detail about anatomical detail, and info about the chemical properties of a cell population

Question 12

structural mri gives …

Answer 12

in vivo info about the anatomy

Question 13

fmri gives info about …

Answer 13

how the brain works (can be overlayed with anatomical info)

Question 14

Tracing studies of STN provide evidence for ..

Answer 14

topographical organization without strict anatomical borders

Question 15

Cytoarchitecture of STN provides evidence for …

Answer 15

complex organization of neuronal populations without clear anatomical borders between subdivisions

Question 16

Is the STN a homogeneous structure?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

Functional segregation

Answer 17

neuronal cell types move apart during development, depending on the specializations they acquire

Question 18

How many subdivisions were found in Anneke’s study of the STN?

Answer 18

10

Question 19

Can you study the structure of the STN in vivo?

Answer 19

Not really, you’d end up with very few STN with MRI

Question 20

How many brain structures are there to investigate (deep in the brain)?

Answer 20

455

Question 21

How many deep-brain structures are mapped with MRI?

Answer 21

7%

Question 22

How many sections of the brain were cut for the recreation of the brain?

Answer 22

800-900

Question 23

What are different stains for?

Answer 23

Nissl stain: cell bodies (cytoarchitecture)
Hematoxylin and eosin: pathology
Calcium binding proteins: anatomical detail
Myelin/axon stains: myeloarchitecture