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Intro to neuro > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

2 big parts of the nervous system

A

CNS
PNS

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2
Q

CNS

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic division
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves

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4
Q

Divisions of the spinal chord

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

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5
Q

Long fibre tracts

A

Motor pathway (corticospinal/pyramidal tract) -descending
Somatosensory pathway (spinothalamic tract) - ascending pathway

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6
Q

Meninges

A

Below the skull: dura mater –> arachnoid mater –> pia mater
CSF between the arachnoid and pia in the subarachnoid space

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7
Q

What tissue inside the ventricles secretes CSF?

A

Choroid plexus

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8
Q

The flow of the CSF

A

Cerebrum –> brain stem core –> subarachnoid space –> arachnoid villi absorb CSF

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9
Q

What diffuse rapidly into CSF?

A

Metabolic waste

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10
Q

Ventricles:

A

Lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle

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11
Q

The 3 cranial nerves we have to know (out of the 12):

A

Olfactory nerve: I
Optic nerve: II
–> Both sensory, related to telencephalon and diencephalon

Vagus nerve: X
–> Part of the parasympathetic nervous system

The other 9 are related to the brainstem

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12
Q

What do the spinal nerves innervate?

A

Joints, skin, muscles

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13
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the peripheral sensory neurons in the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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14
Q

ANS

A

Visceromotor system
Has a sympathetic and parasympathetic division
Innervates the smooth muscles of internal organs, blood-vessels, glands

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15
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Fight or flight function: Pupil dilation, bronchodilation, cardiac acceleration, inhibition of digestion, etc. - More in the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord

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16
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Rest and digest function: Pupil constriction, bronchoconstriction, cardiac deceleration, stimulation of digestion, etc. - more in the sacral part and cranial nerves

17
Q

Autonomic measures

A

ECG: electrocardiogram
Skin conductance
Plethysmography - vascular flow
Respiration - respiratory effort, air exchange

18
Q

Neurulation stages:

A

From the ectoderm —> neural plate –> neural groove –>neural tube (CNS forms from the walls of the tube; ventricular system forms from the fluid-filled inside of the tube)

19
Q

3 primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

20
Q

Prosencephalon differentiation

A

Telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulbs, basal forebrain)
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus)
Optic vesicles

21
Q

Major grey matter systems that derive from the prosencephalon

A

Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Basal ganglia

22
Q

Major white matter systems originating from the prosencephalon

A

Cortical axons: cortical white matter, corpus callosum (cross to contralateral hemisphere); internal and external capsule (cortical axons projecting to deep brain structures and periphery)
Anterior and posterior commissure (interhemispheric connections of deep brain structures)

23
Q

Cerebral cortex function

A

Analyzes sensory input and commands motor output

24
Q

Thalamus functions

A

Sensory gateway of the cortex:
Relay station for sensory input for the cortex
Conveys sensory input from the contralateral side of the body
Involved in attention regulation
Reciprocally connected to cortex through internal capsule

25
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

Regulation of the internal environment of the body (thermoregulation etc.)
Regulation of some primitive behaviours
(all through control of the visceral nervous system, and neuroendocrine control)

26
Q

Basal ganglia functions

A

Selection of motor outputs
Motor impulse
Development of habitual sensory-motor behaviours

27
Q

Mesencephalon differentiation

A

Tectum - upper part: colliculi (visual and auditory processing)
Tegmentum - lower part: substantia nigra, red nucleus (control of voluntary movement)
(Axons descending from cortex to the spinal cord - pyramidal tract, axons ascending from the spinal cord to cortex - sensory systems

28
Q

Rhombencephalon differentiation

A

Cerebellum - movement control
Pons - connects cerebellum and cortex
Cochlear nuclei - project axons to the inferior colliculus and other structures
Pyramidal decussation
Locus coeruleus
Raphe nuclei

29
Q

Spinal cord parts

A

Spinal canal
White matter columns
Dorsal root ganglia
Spinal grey matter (dorsal horn, intermediate part, ventral horn)

30
Q

Neuromodulators of the prosencephalon

A

Acetylcholine, histamine

31
Q

Neuromodulators of the mesencephalon

A

Dopamine

32
Q

Neuromodulators of the rhombencephalon

A

Serotonin
Noradrenaline

33
Q

Layers of neo(/iso)cortex

A

6 -newest, 90% of human cortex

34
Q

Layers of mesocortex

A

less layers (4) - limbic cortex (incl. cingulate and entorhinal cortex)

35
Q

Layers of Allocortex

A

1 layer of projection cells - oldest part: piriform cortex (olfactory), hippocampus

36
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

The curled-up edge of the cortical plate

37
Q

Parts of the hippocampus

A

Cornu ammonis
Dentate gyrus

Intro to neuro (9 decks)

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