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Intro to neuro > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Prominent sulci in the human brain

A

Sylvian fissure
Central sulcus

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2
Q

Weight of brain

A

alive: 1300-1400 grams
dead: can be half of it due to atrophy (many people who die are old)

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3
Q

Neurons are a bit more spread out on the …

A

Gyrus

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4
Q

Neurons

A

Several types
Forms complex structures

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5
Q

Glia

A

Several types

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6
Q

Largest variation in neurons is …

A

Variation in size

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7
Q

Types of glia

A

microglia - phagocytotic: they clean up
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes - in central nervous system
ependymal cells - line ventricular cavities and the central canal of the spinal cord: they sense what is going on in the cerebrospinal fluid by cilia which are in contact with the CSF
Schwann cells- in PNS

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8
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Lesions in the white matter

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9
Q

Glia per cm^2

A

We have more glial cells than rodents

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10
Q

Primary Motor cortex damage

A

contralateral spastic paresis

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11
Q

Damage to Premotor cortex

A

Apraxia - inability to do purposeful movements

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12
Q

Prefrontal cortex damage

A

loss of concentration, distraction, lack of initiative etc. (similar to end-stage AD)

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13
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex damage

A
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14
Q

Posterior parietal association cortex - lesion to dominant side

A

Apraxia, astereognosia might be present - inability to recognize objects by touch
Receptive aphasia: not understand spoken language (sometimes Alexia also)

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15
Q

damage to visual cortex

A

Scotoma (black spot)
Lesions cana lso produce contralateral hemianopsia (lose half of visual field)

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16
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex
-Unilateral lesion: issues w locating the sounds in the contralateral field

17
Q

Hippocampus

A

In MTL

18
Q

Cerebellum

A

Small brain, derived from metencephalon - fine tunes movement and muscle coordination

19
Q

Thalamus

A

Does lot of stuff

20
Q

Hypothalamus

A

takes care of hormonal system, water balance, hunger, sexual urges and behaviour autonomic regulation, thermoregulation etc. - most people can’t survive without it

21
Q

Basal ganglia

A

striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subtalamic nucleus

22
Q

CSF

A

Creates a buffer for brain; produced in choroid plexus

23
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Tight junction of endothelial cells in brain capillaries. astrocytes are important for maintainace. Rodent and human BBB differ a bit

24
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Progressive and irreversible disease

25
Q

AD symptoms

A

memory loss, loss of initiative, changes in personality, misplacing things, changes in mood and behaviour, problems with language, difficulty performing familiar tasks etc.

26
Q

AD brains

A

Filled with extracellular amyloid beta placques and neurofibrillary tangles (not everyone w plaques gets AD)

27
Q

Stages of clinical progression of AD

A

Stage 1: - 2 to 4 years; less energetic and spontaneous, getting lost etc.
Stage 2 moderate: 2 to 10 years after onset - clearly disabled, forget personal history, reading writing problem, speech problems etc.
Stage 3 severe: lose bodily function - can’t go to bathroom, memory disappears etc.

28
Q

Staging of neuropathology of AD : Braak stages

A

-Stages 0-2: cognitively unaffected people
no PFC tangles, could have some amyloids
Hippocampus can’t have amyloidplaques, can have tangles
AD pathology absent in areas involved in memory and cognition
-Stage 3-4: mild cognitive impairment, PFC plaque density increases dramatically
-Stage 5-6: overt dementia, plaques and tangles throughout mpost of the brain

29
Q

in hippocampus in AD

A

Tau is accumulated

30
Q

Risk factors of AD

A

After 65, rises sharply after 75
Genetic
More women than men
ApoE4 gene
Down syndrome

31
Q

Parkinsonism

A

tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia etc.

32
Q

Visualize dopamine

A

SPECT and PET

33
Q

PD systems troubled

A

Basal ganglia - control movement
Dopamine - inhibitory neuromodulator in basal ganglia
Acetylcholine - excitatory neuromodulator in the basal ganglia

34
Q

MPTP

A

Can broke the system if ends up in the dopamine neurons - works greatly in animal research

35
Q

Alpha methyl para tyrosil

A

Has a transient effect

36
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Cause: Imbalance between how much cerebrospinal fluid is produced and how much is absorbed into the bloodstream.
Excess cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles, puts harmful pressure on brain tissue
Treatment: Surgical insertion of a drainage system called shunt. One end of the tube in ventricles, the other in stomach/heart chamber (another part where it is more easily absorbed)

Intro to neuro (9 decks)

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