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Intro to neuro > Lecture 6 - Neurotransmitters 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Neurotransmitters 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is dopamine synthesized (most prominent areas)?

A

VTA, Substantia Nigra, Midbrain Reticular Formation

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2
Q

Where is serotonin synthesized?

A

Raphe Nuclei

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3
Q

Where is noradrenaline synthesized?

A

Locus Coeruleus

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4
Q

Where is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

basal forebrain (basal nucleus of Meynert, substantia innominata, medial septum, ventral and horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca), Penducolo-Pontine tegmental nucleus, latero-dorsal tegmental nucleus

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5
Q

Neuromodulators we studied:

A

Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)

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6
Q

Why are the modulatory systems diffused?

A

They are there in the entire brain

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7
Q

ADHD meds are …

A

Reuptake blockers of the neuromodulators –> More remain in the synaptic cleft –> more activation
-most of them are Noradrenergic

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8
Q

“Self-medication” of ADHD

A

Smoking - nicotine activates ACh receptors

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9
Q

All neuromodulators target the …

A

PFC

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10
Q

Cathecol amines

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
epinephrine

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11
Q

neostriatum

A

(Part of the basal ganglia) - Putamen, caudate nucleus, ventral striatum

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12
Q

paleostriatum

A

Globus pallidus external segment
Globus pallidus internal segment

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13
Q

Basal ganglia parts

A

Neostriatum, Paleostriatum, Substantia nigra (pars compacta, pars reticulata), subthalamic nucleus

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14
Q

Globus pallidus gives

A

The output signal of the basal ganglia

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15
Q

Which parts of the Basal Ganglia get input from the substantia nigra?

A

Caudate and putamen

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16
Q

Where does dopamine come from (the substantia nigra)?

A

Pars compacta (SNc)

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17
Q

Neurons projecting from SCr are …

A

GABAergic

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18
Q

DBS for Parkinson’s disease takes place in …

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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19
Q

In rats the caudate and the putamen are …

A

Not separated –> called: caudate putamen

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20
Q

Caudate gets input from …

A

The frontal cortex (is modulated there) and SNc

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21
Q

Putamen gets input from …

A

Frontal cortex, parietal cortex, temporal cortex and SNc

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22
Q

In Parkinson’s disease …

A

Dopamine is lost

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23
Q

How is dopamine made?

A

Tyrosine hydroxilase (enzime) changes Tyrosine into DOPA. DOPA is changed into dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase (In noradrenergic neurons dopamine beta-hydroxylase changes dopamine into norepinephrine.

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24
Q

What neurons do you stain if you stain tyrosine hydroxylase?

A

Dopaminergic and noradrenergic

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25
Q

Parkinson medication

A

L-DOPA

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26
Q

Why give Parkinson’s patients L-DOPA instead of dopamine?

A

Dopamine can’t pass the blood-brain barrier. DOPA passes it, dopamine can be made from that. DOPA is given together with inhibitors of the enzymes that are in the blood so it is not transformed before it passes the blood-brain barrier. The inhibitors can’t pass the barrier.

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27
Q

Dopamine reuptake

A

Via DAT

28
Q

Cocaine and Amphetamine

A

Block dopamine reuptake (enhance its effect)

29
Q

2 Dopamine systems

A

Nigro-striatal: Modulates cortical motor control and action selection -SN
Meso-cortical/limbic: reward processing, motivation, modulation of cognitive (executive control) - VTA

30
Q

VTA projects to

A

Prefrontal cortex, NA (medial shell, lateral shell, core), ventral pallidum, amygdala

31
Q

What input does the medial shell of the NA get?

A

Dopaminergic and GABAergic

32
Q

What input does the core of the NA get?

A

Dopaminergic

33
Q

Dopamine projection in the PFC

A

Prelimbic area
Infralimbic area

34
Q

Which part of the amygdala receives dopaminergic input?

A

Basolateral amygdala

35
Q

All dopamine receptors are …

A

Metabotropic (G-protein coupled)

36
Q

2 major subgroups of dopamine receptors

A

D1 (excite - more cAMP)
D2 (inhibit - break down cAMP)

37
Q

Where are dopamine receptors?

A

all over the cortex: except primary auditory and visual cortex

38
Q

Action selection and movement initiation is mediated by…

A

The cortico-striatal loop

39
Q

Nigro-striatal loop

A

Motor cortex targets basal ganglia (dorsal striatum, also targeted by SN) –>Globus pallidus –>Thalamus –> Motor cortex

40
Q

Transmitters in the nigro-striatal loop

A

SN: Dopamine
BG:GABA
Thalamus: Glutamate
Cortex: Glutamate

41
Q

Parkinson’s symptoms

A

Bradykinesia/Akinesia: slowing/loss of movements
(mechanism behind it: The increase of the motor threshold. You want to move but can’t)

42
Q

What is the dopaminergic system coming from VTA important for?

A

Central role in valuation of actions and stimuli
Valuation is important for optimal decision making
Crucial for learning values (reinforcement learning)

43
Q

Dopamine is important for

A

Feeling rewarded

44
Q

DBS of the reward system can alleviate …

A

Depression (anhedonia) - MFB and connected areas are stimulated

45
Q

When do you make few working memory errors?

A

When you have optimal D1 activity (increased and decreased amount of dopamine leads to more errors –> Inverted U shape response)

46
Q

Risk factors for Parkinson’s disease

A

Pesticides (kill your dopamine)
Melanoma
Infections
Traumatic brain damage
Milk/Yogurts

47
Q

What helps to prevent PD

A

Vitamin E
Anthocyanin (stuff in tomatoes)
Green leaves
Exercise
Smoking

48
Q

Noradrenaline projects

A

All over the brain

49
Q

For noradrenaline to be produced which enzyme is crucial?

A

Dopamine beta hydroxylase

50
Q

Functions of the noradrenergic systems

A

Arousal, mediates stress (fight or flight), neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system, neuromodulator in the CNS.

51
Q

Noradrenaline receptors

A

G-protein coupled (doesn’t open channels, messes wit the intracellular signals of the Glutamate and GABA cells)
-Beta receptors: in the body (in heart - beta blockers work for overexcitedness - get the arousal down)
-Alpha receptors

52
Q

Epipen

A

Noradrenaline: lungs open, heart starts to beat extra

53
Q

Serotonin synthesis

A

Raphe nucleus

54
Q

Projections of serotonergic neurons

A

All over the brain

55
Q

Serotonin reuptake blockers

A

SSRIs
Tryciclic antidepressants
Cocaine

56
Q

Serotonin reuptake reversal by

A

MDMA

57
Q

Agonist of serotonin

A

LSD, mescaline, psylocibin

58
Q

Where is most of our serotonin?

A

In our gut

59
Q

What processes is serotonin involved in (in the brain)?

A

It is involved in mood enhancement, anxiety, arousal, circadian rhythm, eating disorders, migraine, pain, drug abuse

60
Q

How is serotonin made?

A

Tryptophan-5-hydroxilase changes Tryptophan (you can’t make it, you have to eat it e.g. chocolate) into 5-Hydroxytriptophan –> from that serotonin is made

61
Q

Serotonergic receptors

A

Ionotropic receptor (1)
Metabotropic receptors (most of them)

62
Q

Most of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotinin receptors are

A

Metabotropic

63
Q

What mental disorder is serotonin implicated in?

A

Depression (most antidepressants block 5-HT reuptake)

64
Q

Too much serotonin is implicated in

A

Aggression

65
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

Antidepressants: Inhibit breakdown of all monoamines

66
Q

Tricyclic antidepressants

A

Inhibit reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

67
Q

SSRIs

A

inhibit reuptake of only serotonin (fewer side effect than for tricyclic antidepressants, similar efficacy)

Intro to neuro (9 decks)

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