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HSS 3305 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogenic Organism types

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi

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2
Q

Bacteria types

A

Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae, and Mycoplasma

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3
Q

Classification of Bacteria

A

Shape and arrangement(coccus, bacillus, spiral), Gram strain reaction (Gram-positive and Gram-negative), Biochemical and growth characteristics (Aerobic and anaerobic, spore formation, and biochemical profile), Antigenic structure (antigens in the cell body, capsule, flagella (motility)

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4
Q

Bacteria Genomic Sequence

A

16S ribosomal RNA, proteins and peptides are seen

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5
Q

Coccus (Spherical) Bacteria

A

Clusters: Staphylococci
Chains: Streptococci
Pairs: Diplococci
Kidney bean-shaped (in pairs: Neisseriae)

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6
Q

Bacillus (rod-shaped) Bacteria

A

Square ends: Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)
Rounded ends: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
Club shaped: Corynebacterium (Diptheria)
Comma shaped: Vibrio (Cholera)

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7
Q

Spiral Organisms

A

Tightly coiled: Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Relaxed coil: Borrelia (Lyme)

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8
Q

Steps of Gram-Staining

A

Step 1: Crystal violet (purple dye) – stains peptidoglycan
Step 2: Gram iodine (acts as a mordant)
Step 3: Alcohol or acetone (rapid decolorization)
Step 4: Safranin (red dye)

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9
Q

How do gram positives stain?

A

Resists decolorization and retains the purple stain (cell wall is composed of multiple peptidoglycan layers combined with teichoic acid; lipopolysaccharide absent)

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10
Q

How do gram negatives stain?

A

Can be decolorized and stained red (the cell wall is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer and lacks teichoic acid; lipopolysaccharide present)

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11
Q

True or False: All bacteria can be stained

A

False; Mycobacterium has no cell wall and is unable to be stained

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12
Q

Cocci Gram-Positive

A

Staphylococci, Streptococci, Pneumococci

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13
Q

Cocci Gram-Negative

A

Gonococci and Meningococci

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14
Q

Bacilli Gram-Positive

A

Corynebacteria, Listeria, Bacilli, Clostridia (Oxygen and spore forming)

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15
Q

Bacilli Gram-Negative

A

Haemophilus, Gardnerella, Francisella, Yersinia, Brucella, Legionella, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Cholera bacillus, Colon bacillus (E. coli + related organism)

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16
Q

Spiral organisms (Gram-Negative only)

A

Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi

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17
Q

Acid-fast organisms (Gram-Positive only)

A

Tubercle bacillus and Leprosy bacillus

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18
Q

Staphylococci

A

Gram-positive cocci in Grapelike clusters found in the skin (epidermis) or the nasal cavity (aureus); normally not pathogenic but opportunistic

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19
Q

Staphylococci pathogenic strains cause

A

Vomiting and diarrhea, toxic necrosis, tissue necrosis, hemolysis, inflammation (distinguished by culture on blood agar plates)

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20
Q

Staphylococci Infections

A

Impetigo, boils, nail infection, cellulitis, surgical wound infection, eye infection, postpartum breast infections, Abscess

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21
Q

A drug-resistant strain of Staphylococci

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA (antibiotic-resistant)

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22
Q

Streptococci are found…

A

Gram-positive cocci arranged in chains or pairs, normal inhabitants of skin, mouth, pharynx (Streptococcus viridans), gut, female genital tract (peptostreptococci); opportunistic organisms

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23
Q

Streptococci Diseases

A

3 types: pyogenic, toxigenic, and immunologic

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24
Q

Pyogenic Streptococci Diseases

A

Pharyngitis, cellulitis, endocarditis, urinary tract infection

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25
Q

Toxigenic Streptococci Diseases

A

Scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome

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26
Q

Immunologic Streptococci Diseases

A

Rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis (induce hypersensitivity)

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27
Q

Streptococci Classification

A

Lancefield classification groups A to V (Most significant: A, B, D)

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28
Q

Group A Streptococci

A

Many pathogenic strains (Streptococcus pyogenes): cause pharyngitis, strep throat, tissue infections (necrotizing fasciitis, gangrene)

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29
Q

Group B Streptococci

A

(Streptococcus agalactiae): Anal/Genital tract of women, neonatal transmission risk, meningitis, sepsis

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30
Q

Group D Streptococci

A

Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus bovis): Urinary, biliary, and cardiovascular infections – difficult to treat and Ab resistant

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31
Q

Beta hemolysis

A

Complete lysis of red cells

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32
Q

Non-beta hemolysis (2 types)

A

Alpha hemolysis: Incomplete lysis of red cells (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Strep mutans (tooth decay)
Gamma hemolysis: Nonhemolytic, no lysis

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33
Q

Non-pathogenic Gram-positive bacilli

A

Corynebacteria are found in the skin except for C. diphtheria (Ulcers in the throat and injured heart + nerve tissue)
Listeria monocytogenes (a food contaminant found in nature - can cause systemic illness leading to meningitis)

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34
Q

Pathogenic Gram-positive bacilli

A

Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax); Spores are spread through inhalation (can remain as spores) and spread rapidly in alveoli, germinate in the lymph nodes, and produce toxins (fever, chest pain, 20% fatality without treatment in days)

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35
Q

Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) Treatment

A

Requires long courses AB treatment

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36
Q

Gas gangerne (Clostridium perfringens)

A

Contaminate wounds, proliferate in dead/necrotic muscle tissue (ferment necrotic tissue), releasing tissue-destroying toxins with systemic effects (sepsis). Toxins also cause neutrophil lysis

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37
Q

Tetanus (C. Tetani)

A

Produces neurotoxin that causes sustained muscular contractions (bone fractures), Symptoms days to weeks after exposure, Fatal due to effect on respiratory muscles

38
Q

Botulism (C. botulinum)

A

Food poisoning from toxin ingestion of improperly cooked/ stored food, infants particularly susceptible, produces neuroparalytic toxins – pathology not caused by infection

39
Q

Intestinal infection (C. Diff)

A

Hard to get rid of due to antibiotic resistance (broad spectrum Ab use)

40
Q

Hemophilus Influenzae

A

Gram -ve; Variety of infections lung, CNS, Skin, blood

41
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

Gram -ve; Plague

42
Q

Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter

A

Gram -ve; Food poisoning - GI infection

43
Q

Legionella (Legionnaire’s disease)

A

Gram -ve; severe pneumonia

44
Q

Vibrio Cholerae (Cholera)

A

Gram -ve; severe, acute watery diarrhea

45
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Gram -ve; stomach inflammation - Ulcers

46
Q

E.coli

A

Gram -ve; Common to GI tract residents but some strains that are ingested by raw/uncooked animal products (typically can develop toxic effects including inflammation, anemia, bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain.

47
Q

Spiral organisms diseases

A

Syphilis (Tremponema pallidium), Lyme disease, Acid-fast bacteria, and Leprosy

48
Q

Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)

A

Transmitted though infected tick bite to spread throughout the body
3 stages:
Stage 1: circular “bulls eye” rash accompanied with flu like symptoms
Stage 2: cardio (heart palpitations), neuro (meningitis, facial paralysis) and joint pain
Stage 3: chronic arthritis and neuro deficits (memory, fatigue, insomnia)

49
Q

Acid-fast bacteria

A

Hard to stain due to waxy coat; causes granulatomas inflammation (Macrophage infection) and TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) which primarily infects lungs

50
Q

Leprosy (Mycobaterium leprae)

A

The infection leads to skin lesions, peripheral nerve damage (lack of sensation, muscle weakness, vision loss); low infectivity and pathogenicity; inflammation of Schwann cells causes most of the damage

51
Q

Chlamydiae

A

Gram-negative, nonmotile bacteria, obligate intracellular parasites, rigid cell wall, no vaccine available for treatment

52
Q

Chlamydial Diseases

A

Psittacosis (pneumonia): Inhalation of dried bird feces
Trachoma (Chlamydia trachomatis A, B, C): Chronic conjunctivitis, blindness
Nongonococcal urethritis (men): Spread to other areas
Cervicitis (women): Lead to salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy
Neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis: Newborn from infected mother

53
Q

Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae

A

Obligate intracellular parasites (typically endothelial cells)– both transmitted by insect bites and respond to some antibiotics

54
Q

Rickettsia Disease

A

Infects, proliferates endothelial cells in small blood vessels of skin - causing damage, leakage of blood into surrounding tissues (rash and edema)

55
Q

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (ticks)

A

East Coast spring and early summer; flu-like and Rash after 2 to 6 days on hands and feet then the trunk, affects CNS

56
Q

Rickettsialpox (mites from mice) symptoms

A

flu like symptoms, full-body rash

57
Q

Typhus symptoms and illnesses

A

Flu-like, rash (epidemic: lice; endemic: fleas, mites)

58
Q

Ehrlichiosis Transmission and Symptoms

A

Transmitted via the bite of an arthropod vector (ticks, mites, lice, fleas), Infect and multiply in neutrophils or monocytes, Cause febrile flu-like (muscle aches, chills) illness with skin rash, Transmission enhanced by poor hygiene, overcrowding, wars, poverty

59
Q

Primary atypical pneumonia (+Symptoms and treatment)

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Most common in winter, young adults, outbreaks in groups; Cough, sore throat, fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, Resolves spontaneously in 10 to 14 days and responds to antibiotics: Tetracycline and erythromycin

60
Q

Viruses’ Nucleic acid structure

A

Either DNA or RNA (ss,ds, +/-ve), enclosed in a capsid, with an outer envelope made of lipoprotein (often from host cell)

61
Q

Virus size

A

Smaller than cells (20 to 300 nm diameter) and cannot be seen under a light microscope

62
Q

Nucleoid

A

Genetic material, DNA or RNA, not both (centre of virus)

63
Q

Capsid

A

Protective protein membrane surrounding genetic material in virus

64
Q

Coat/Envelope

A

Surrounds the virus (combination of host membrane and viral proteins (retrovirus)) - non-enveloped viruses, adenovirus, exist

65
Q

True or False: Viruses lack metabolic enzymes

A

True, they rely on the host’s metabolic processes for survival

66
Q

Modes of action in various viruses

A

Invades a susceptible cell, Asymptomatic latent viral infection (HSV, VZV: Herpes Zoster/Shingles) – dormant in neural cells, Acute cell necrosis and degeneration (Ebola), Cell hyperplasia, proliferation and Neoplasia(HPV), Slowly progressive cell injury (HCV), Destruction of the immune system (HIV)

67
Q

Bodily defences against viral infections

A

(Innate/Adaptive) formation of interferons: Broad-spectrum antiviral agent inhibits viral replication (non-specific), activates immune cells
- Cell-mediated Immunity
- Humoral defences

68
Q

What do anti-viral agents do?

A

Block viral replication (HIV/HCV), prevent the virus from invading cells (HIV) - the best defence is a vaccination for community and personal immunity

69
Q

Fungi

A

Plantlike organisms without chlorophyll, are obligate aerobes

70
Q

Types of Fungi

A

Yeast (small ovoid/spherical), mold - spoilage of foods (branching/filamentous), Bread, cheese, wine, and beer production

71
Q

Fungi cell wall vs. bacteria cell wall

A

Chitin vs. peptidoglycan

72
Q

Fungi vs. bacteria cell membrane

A

Erogosterol and zymosterol vs. cholesterol

73
Q

Fungi growth factors

A

High humidity (moist), heat, dark areas with oxygen supply

74
Q

How can Fungi cause disease

A

Present in natural habitat and can cause chronic disease, become opportunistic in immunocompromised, lose regular flora due to antibiotics, cause superficial skin infections

75
Q

Fungi treatment

A

Antifungal drugs or topical treatment in mild cases

76
Q

Mucous membranes (Candida albicans)

A

Common in immunocompromised patients with
fungal infection on tongue, mouth, esophagus (thrush)

77
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus

A

Spores from decaying plant matter can result in severe pulmonary and systemic disease in immunocompromised, asthma can develop

78
Q

Histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis

A

Inhaled spores from dust; usually acute, self limited respiratory infection, involve blood vessels in severe cases (systemic disease)

79
Q

Antibiotics mechanism

A

Inhibits synthesis of the bacterial cell wall (leads to swelling-rupture), inhibits bacterial metabolic functions, and cell membrane(injury-death)

80
Q

Penicillin family

A

Penicillin, methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin

81
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Cephalexin, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone; vancomycin, bacitracin

82
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Tetracycline; macrolide; erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin; clindamycin, gentamicin, netilmicin, streptomycin

83
Q

Antibodies that inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis

A

Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin

84
Q

Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests: Tube dilution

A

Measures the highest dilution that inhibits growth in test tube

85
Q

Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests: Disk method

A

Inhibition of growth around the disk indicates sensitivity to antibiotic

86
Q

Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests: MALDI-TOF-MS

A

Identification of strains with known antibiotic-resistance characteristics

87
Q

What do tetracycline levels test?

A

Kidney Function

88
Q

Adverse effects antibiotics

A

Toxicity, hypersensitivity (allergy), alteration of normal bacterial flora (resistance)

89
Q

Development of resistant bacteria

A

Spontaneous mutation and Plasmid-acquired resistance

90
Q

Mechanisms for circumventing effects of antibiotics

A

Develop antibiotic enzymes (penicillinase), Change cell wall structure (repel Ab), and change internal metabolic machinery (Ab loses function/binding)

91
Q

Cause of antibiotic resistance

A

Over-prescribing of antibiotics, patients not finishing their treatment, poor infection control in hospitals and clinics, over-use of antibiotics in livestock and fish farming, lack of hygiene and poor sanitation, lack of new antibiotics being developed

HSS 3305 (21 decks)

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