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HSS 3305 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic information; directs the metabolic function of cells; Nuclear membrane/pores; allows communication with cytoplasm

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Surrounds nucleus; structures carry out directions of the nucleus, carry organelles, and surrounded by a selectively permeable cell membrane

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3
Q

Cell

A

Basic structural and functional unit of the body (building blocks, there are over 200 types and trillions in your body)

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4
Q

Tissues

A

Group of similar cells performing the same functions

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5
Q

Organs

A

Groups of tissues
(ex. the heart)

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6
Q

Organ systems

A

Groups of organs functioning together (ex. the nervous system or the cardiovascular system)

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7
Q

Functioning organisms

A

Integrated organ systems (humans, animals, etc.)

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8
Q

What is the organization of the cell? (smallest to largest)

A

Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Functioning Organism

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9
Q

What happens if there is an abnormality at any level of cell organization

A

Disease

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10
Q

Juxtacrine signalling

A

Cell-to-cell communication by direct contact

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11
Q

Paracrine signalling

A

Cell-to-cell communication by soluble mediators acting near groups of cells

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12
Q

What is a cell structure made up of?

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm and it’s elements

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13
Q

What is found in the cytoplasm?

A

Organelles such as Nucleus, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Centrioles, Cytoskeleton

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14
Q

Endocrine signalling

A

Cell-to-cell communication by direct contact through soluble mediators acting across a distance

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15
Q

Receptor

A

Cell surface signal

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16
Q

Organelle

A

A small structure present in the cytoplasm of the cell, such as a mitochondrion

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17
Q

DNA

A

The nucleic acid present in the chromosomes of the nuclei of cells that carries genetic information

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18
Q

Chromosome

A

Cell structure organizing the molecules of DNA. Individual structural units of DNA which are best seen in dividing cells

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19
Q

Chromatin

A

Tightly wound DNA in the nucleus; formed in part from nucleosomes

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20
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Double-layered; with pores; separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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21
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

In nucleoli; components of messenger, transfer, ribosomal RNA

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22
Q

Nucleoli

A

Spherical Intra-nuclear structure in the nucleus that contains RNA (sing. nucleolus)

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23
Q

Nucleosome

A

Basis of packaging DNA

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24
Q

Histones

A

Nuclear proteins forming the nucleosomes

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25
Q

Alcohol steatosis

A

“fatty liver”; excessive alcohol can lead to an abnormal intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver

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26
Q

Mitochondria

A

Rod-shaped structures capable of converting food material into energy to manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that fuels chemical reactions in the cell

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27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Interconnected network of tubular channels enclosed by membranes. Involved in communication with the nuclear and cellular membrane

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28
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes are attached to the external surface; responsible for protein synthesis

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29
Q

Smooth ER

A

Contains enzymes and is responsible for lipid synthesis

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30
Q

Ribosomes

A

small site for protein synthesis that are attached to ER but may also be free in the cytoplasm

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31
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Flat sacs located near the nucleus attach carb molecules to the proteins synthesized by RER

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32
Q

Protein pathways from RER to GA

A

The protein produced by ribosomes attached to the RER –> RER tubules transport these proteins to the Golgi apparatus –> combine proteins with carbohydrate molecules in GA –> forms secretory granules

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33
Q

Lysosomes

A

Cytoplasmic vacuoles with digestive enzymes (prevents leakage of enzymes)

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34
Q

Peroxisome

A

Enzymes that decompose hydrogen peroxide (any waste in the cell)

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35
Q

Centrioles

A

Short cylindrical structures adjacent to the nucleus (involved in cell division)

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36
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Form cell’s structural framework, shape, and cell movements; 3 types of protein tubules (mostly intermediate filaments)

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37
Q

3 types of protein tubules

A
  1. Microtubules (largest) ex. a/b tubulin polymers
  2. Intermediate filaments ex. vimentin/keratin fibers
  3. Microfilaments (smallest) - G actin polymers, can generate force
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38
Q

How does the intermediate filaments help in providing diagnostic and prognostic information?

A

It helps in looking for diseases (ex. Alzheimers and cancer - cell of origin) and treatment for them

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39
Q

Selectively permeable

A

Only lets certain molecules enter and exit and it controls traffic into or out of the cell (ions/inorganic molecules)

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40
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of?

A

Lipid bilayer, glycoproteins, glycolipids, receptors, ion channels/transporters, Carbohydrates

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41
Q

CF-CFTR protein

A

Controls flow of Water and chloride ions across the cell membrane

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42
Q

Diffusion

A

Solutes move from concentrated → dilute solution (high to low)

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43
Q

Osmosis

A

Water molecules move from dilute → concentrated solution (low to high concentration)

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44
Q

Hypertonic

A

Water leaving (cell deflates)

45
Q

Isotonic

A

Water leaving and entering cell is equal (optimal)

46
Q

Hypotonic

A

Water entering (cell explodes)

47
Q

Active transport

A

Movement from low concentration to high concentration (active meaning it requires energy)

48
Q

Sodium

A

Electrolyte found extracellularly

49
Q

Potassium

A

Electrolyte found intracellularly

50
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of particles too large to pass across the cell membrane (Large particles)

51
Q

Endocytosis

A

Internalization materials by engulfing (small particles)

52
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Ingestion of fluid and very small molecules/ions

53
Q

Exocytosis

A

Remove wastes/ products (hormones, enzymes) from cells from secretory vesicles from Golgi apparatus

54
Q

What are 4 types of tissues?

A

Epithelium, Connective and supporting, Muscle, Nerve

55
Q

Epithelium

A

Covers the exterior of the body, lines interior body surfaces to communicate with the outside (GT, UT, Vagina), and forms glands + parenchymal cells excretory or secretory organs (liver and kidney); contains no blood vessels and gets its nutrients from diffusion

56
Q

Epithelium function

A

Protection, absorption, secretes mucus, sweat, oil, enzymes, hormones

57
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Discharge secretions through a duct

58
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Discharge secretions directly into the bloodstream

59
Q

Endothelium

A

Layer of simple squamous epithelium – lines inside of heart and blood vessels

60
Q

Mesothelium

A

Layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

61
Q

Simple Squamous

A

Direct contact with basement membrane (absorbtion/filtration) capillary walls, alveoli walls

62
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

Absorption/secretion/excretory functions kidney, pancreas

63
Q

Simple Columnar

A

Absorption/secretion/excretory
Stomach/ colon/ rectum

64
Q

Stratified Pseudo

A

Ciliated (mucous secretion/protection) upper airways/trachea

65
Q

Stratified Transitional

A

Elastic organs (bladder, urethra)

66
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Protective (Esophagus/mouth/Vagina)

67
Q

Types of connective tissue fibers

A

Collagen fibers, Elastic fibers, Reticular fibers

68
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Found in joints and skin (most abundant protein)

69
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Found in blood vessels, lungs, and skin (contains elastin protein)

70
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Form supporting framework of organs (liver, spleen)
Similar to collagen but thin and delicate

71
Q

Hematopoietic

A

Immature cell that will form into any blood cell

72
Q

Lymphatic

A

Lymphocyte forming

73
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Insulation, energy, padding

74
Q

Cartilage types

A

Hyaline, Elastic, fibrocartilage

75
Q

Subcutaneous tissue

A

Support/protection of organs and muscles (deepest skin layer)

76
Q

Actin

A

Globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton

77
Q

Myosin

A

Motor protein pulls actin filaments

78
Q

Striated muscle

A

Moves skeleton and under conscious control (skeletal muscle)

79
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Located in walls of hollow internal organs (function under unconscious control)

80
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Found in the heart

81
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells, transmit nerve impulses

82
Q

Central body

A

dendrites (transmit toward cell body) and axon (transmit away) emerge from it to transmit impulses

83
Q

Neuroglia

A

Supporting cells more numerous than neurons (provide protection)

84
Q

Astrocytes

A

Long, star-shaped cells, numerous, highly branched process; Provide structure/support and nourishment to neurons

85
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS; Small cells, scanty cytoplasm, surround nerve cells (myelin) - Schwann (PNS)

86
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytic cells – immune protection; Macrophages of NS

87
Q

Parenchymal cells

A

Primary functional cells of an organ

88
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional cells of an organ

89
Q

Stroma

A

Tissue that forms the supporting framework of an organ

90
Q

Trophoblast

A

Peripheral group of cells; forms placenta and other structures to support and nourish embryo

91
Q

Inner cell mass

A

The inner group of cells; will give rise to the embryo; arranged in three distinct

92
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer becomes external covering of body that will interact with external environment (skin, nervous system, ears, eyes)

93
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer (connective tissue, muscle, bone, cartilage, heart, blood, blood vessels, and major portions of urogenital system)

94
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner layer (epithelium of pharynx, respiratory tract, liver, biliary tract, pancreas, some parts of urogenital tract)

95
Q

Atrophy

A

Reduction in cell size in response to: Diminished function, Inadequate hormonal stimulation, Reduced blood supply

96
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size without increase in cell number

97
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in both cell size and number in response to increased demand

98
Q

Metaplasia

A

Change from one type of cell to another

99
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cell development and maturation are disturbed and abnormal

100
Q

Cell necrosis

A

Irreversible damage causing cell damage and leading to cell death (not all dead cells are necrotic)

101
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

102
Q

Hayflick limit

A

Damage/shortening ends of telomeres with each division

103
Q

Autophagy

A

Cellular organelles are degraded and recycled by the cells

104
Q

Keratin filament

A

Type of filament in epithelial cells

105
Q

Vimentin filament

A

Type of filament in connective and muscle cells

106
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Type of filament in nerve cells

107
Q

Lamin filaments

A

Found in the nuclear structure of all cells

108
Q

Anaplastic cells

A

Tumor cells who’s structure is deranged

109
Q

Mesoderm

A

Embryonic germ layer

HSS 3305 (21 decks)

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