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HSS 3305 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of Immune Over-reaction

A

Autoimmune problems (Lupus, Type 1 diabetes) and Allergic reaction (Food sensitivities, eczema)

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2
Q

Examples of Immune Under-reaction

A

Cancer and Infection (Bacteria, Mold/fungus)

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3
Q

What the 2 forms of Immunity?

A

Innate and adaptive immunity

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4
Q

Traits of Innate Immunity

A

Fast, general, no diversity or specificity, no memory, first line of defence

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5
Q

Traits of Adaptive Immunity

A

Slower, specific and specialized, diverse, memory, offers selective and precise protection

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6
Q

Microbiology behind innate immunity

A

Phagocytes, dendritic cells, complement, and NK cells

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7
Q

Microbiology behind adaptive immunity

A

B lymphocytes which form antibodies, T lymphocytes and Effector T cells

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8
Q

Types of Innate Barriers

A

Anatomic and Physiologic barriers

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9
Q

Anatomic barriers

A

Skin and Mucous membranes

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10
Q

Physiologic barriers

A

Temperature, Gastric pH, Enzymes, Normal flora (good bacteria)

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11
Q

Innate cells

A

Neutrophils, Macrophages, Natural Killer cells

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12
Q

Neutrophils

A

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that help heals damaged tissues and resolves infections

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13
Q

Marcrophages

A

Recognize pathogens via Fc and complement receptors;
Phagocytose pathogens

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14
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Seek out abnormal cells (cancer or infected with virus) and kill them

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15
Q

Phagocytes

A

Cells that have the ability to ingest, and possibly digest, foreign particles, such as bacteria, carbon, dust, or dye

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16
Q

Innate Proteins

A

Acute phase reactants and complement

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17
Q

Acute phase reactants

A

Serum concentrations increase or decrease by at least 25% during inflammatory states (examples, ESR, CRP, Ferritin)

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18
Q

Complement

A

Produced by a predecessor protein or in response to the presence of foreign material in the body and that triggers or participates in a complement reaction (enhances the ability of antibodies)

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19
Q

Adaptive Immunity cells

A

Antigen presenting cells, lymphocytes including B-cells and T-cells

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20
Q

Types of T-cells

A

CD4 and CD8

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21
Q

Types of adaptive immunity reactions

A

Humoral and cell mediated reactions

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22
Q

Humoral reactions produce…

A

Antibodies (b-cells); extracellular protection

23
Q

Cell mediated reactions produce…

A

CD8 T-Lymphocytes

24
Q

Antibodies

A

My cells; produced by B-cells in response to foreign antigens (diverse and specific to the antigen they are fighting)

25
Q

Antigen

A

Not my cells; A substance recognized as foreign matter and will be bound by antibodies or T-cell receptors

26
Q

B-cells

A

Each B-cell produces one Ab specific against one antigen before exposure to the antigen

27
Q

What surface Ig were found on the B-cells?

A

IgD and IgM

28
Q

How many memory B-cells are produced?

A

One

29
Q

True or false: Each T-cell produces a T-cell receptor that recognizes one specific antigen after exposure to the antigen

A

False; The T-cell receptor is produced before exposure

30
Q

CD8 T-cells

A

Cytotoxic T-cells which kill cells containing foreign antigens (all or nothing; a very aggressive reaction)

31
Q

CD4 T-cells

A

T-helper cells; Promote the various responses of the adaptive immune system

32
Q

MHC class 1 molecule

A

Cell surface recognition elements are expressed on virtually all somatic cells (binds with CD8 cells for cell death of the target cell)

33
Q

Professional Ag-presenting cells present antigens to…

A

Macrophages, Dendritic cells, B-cells, MHC Class 2, and CD4 T-cells

34
Q

CD4 Th1 cell

A

Promotes cell mediated immunity

35
Q

CD4 Th2 cell

A

Promotes humoral immunity

36
Q

How are Immune responses initiated?

A

Lymphocytes’ recognition of antigens

37
Q

How is the immune response regulated?

A

Once the immune system is on it must be turned off. This done with many negative feedback loops and T-regulatory cells

38
Q

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

Most Polymorphic genes in the human genome. One set of alleles from each parent encodes both alpha and beta chains. These create 4 MHC from each locus

39
Q

Thymus

A

Where CD4 and CD8 T-cells mature (negative and positive selection occur); We have a full Thymus when we are born (constantly making these cells) and deteriorates as we age (weaker immunity)

40
Q

Positive Selection

A

Targeting the desired cell population with an antibody specific to a cell surface marker (MHC)

41
Q

Negative Selection

A

Select against self antigens

42
Q

Toll-Like Receptors

A

Expressed in endosomes/surface based on
where they will encounter targets (expose any danger to the cell)

43
Q

Where is the genetic coding region for Class 1 and Class 2 MHC molecules

A

Chromosome 6

44
Q

Another name for MHC genes

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA genes)

45
Q

Cytokines

A

Small proteins secreted by many cells (within or outside of the immune system) that mediate many of the functions of other cells

46
Q

Types of cytokines

A

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

47
Q

One cytokine having multiple effects makes it…

A

Pleotropic

48
Q

Different cytokines having the same effect make it…

A

Redundant

49
Q

Cells in the circulating system

A

Cells in the peripheral blood and lymph (2% of cells)

50
Q

Cells in the Organ System

A

Central lymphoid organs and Peripheral lymphoid organs (98% of cells)

51
Q

What central lymphoid organ is a site for B-cell maturation

A

Bone marrow

52
Q

What peripheral lymphoid organ is a site for filtering antigens?

A

Lymph nodes

53
Q

What peripheral lymphoid organ white pulp is a site for filtering antigens in the blood?

A

Spleen

54
Q

What peripheral lymphoid organ is a site for surveillance of antigens in the gut?

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

HSS 3305 (21 decks)

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