Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HSS 3305 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanisms of control for cell growth

A

Constant renewal (Hair follicles, gut lining), Stable, but can renew when stimulated (T-cells), Permanent, therefore, no renewal (cardiac muscle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is cancer developed?

A

Loss of control of cell division/ mutation of a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Characterization of Cancer tumours

A

Benign vs. Malignant
Solid vs. Invasive
In situ vs. Infiltrating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Benign Tumor characteristics (Growth rate, Character of growth, Tumor spread, Cell differentiation)

A

Growth rate: Slow
Character of growth: Expansion
Tumor spread: Localized (Brain tumors can do damage while being benign)
Cell differentiation: Well differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Malignant Tumor characteristics (Growth rate, Character of growth, Tumor spread, Cell differentiation)

A

Growth rate: Fast
Character of growth: Infiltration
Tumor spread: Metastasis by bloodstream and lymphatics (establish secondary sites)
Cell differentiation: Poorly differentiated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Benign tumor classification

A

The cell of origin (Prefix-) and -oma (suffix)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Malignant tumor classification

A

3 groups (carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia/lymphoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Carcinoma cancer

A

Most common (85% of tumors); Epithelial tissue (arises from the surface, glandular or parenchymal epithelium) and spreads through lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Subtype of carcinoma cancer (ex. pancreas - glandular/ secretory cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Subtype of carcinoma cancer found on skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sarcoma cancer

A

Less common; Arise from connective tissue, endothelium, and mesothelium and spreads rapidly through the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

A subtype of sarcoma cancer affects fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Myosarcoma

A

A subtype of sarcoma cancer affects muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Leukemia

A

Neoplasm of blood cells; non-solid tumors and overgrows and crowds out normal blood-forming cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens if neoplasm cells populate LN and spleen

A

Lymphoma (T cell/ B cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neoplasm development

A

A stepwise process that involves ongoing series of genetic changes over time (activation of oncogenes, loss of function of one or more tumor suppressor genes, and additional random genetic changes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does cancer in stem cells cause?

A

A tumor with a high degree of heterogeneity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or False: Fast-growing neoplasms may outgrow the blood supply

A

True, this can be used as a therapeutic target

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True or False: Tumors have their own blood supply

A

False, tumors derive blood supply from tissues they invade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Malignant tumors frequently induce new blood vessels to proliferate in adjacent normal tissues to supply the demands of the growing tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Necrosis in parts of malignant tumors

A

When the tumor outgrows its blood supply part with the poorest blood supply undergoes necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The blood supply in tumors in the lung

A

Blood supply is best at the periphery of the tumor and poorest at the center (central necrosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The blood supply in tumors growing outward from an epithelial surface (ex. colon)

A

The best blood supply is at the base and the poorest at the surface (peripheral necrosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How can genetic change occur in cancer-causing genes?

A

Radiation, carcinogens, viruses – failure of DNA repair/fidelity mechanisms, Failure of Immune defences, over time these can accumulate (age-dependent), can also be inherited susceptibilities to developing cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

Philadelphia chromosome – seen in chronic granulocytic leukemia (translocation of pieces of chromosome 9 and 22); a very aggressive cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Loss of apoptotic control leads to…

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and cells eventually form a tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Tumor-suppressor genes

A

Genes (expressed in pair of homologous chromosomes) that inhibit/control cellular division/proliferation; prevent DNA replication (ex. APC, DCC, p53)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What virus causes leukemia and lymphoma?

A

T cell leukemia–lymphoma virus (HTLV-1) that is related to the AIDS virus (tax onocogene)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What virus causes Kaposi sarcoma?

A

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)

30
Q

What virus causes Condylomas (warts)

A

Papilloma virus (HPV); predisposes to cervical carcinoma

31
Q

What virus causes Chronic viral hepatitis

A

Hepatitis B and C viruses (chronic inflammation/repair)

32
Q

What virus causes Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

Epstein-Barr virus also causes infectious mononucleosis

33
Q

Which immune cells detect and destroy cancerous cells?

A

CD8 T-cells and NK cells

34
Q

Which cancers do those with severe immunodeficiency have an increased risk of?

A

Blood and skin cancers

35
Q

True or False: All mutations that cause cancers are directly related

A

False, Most mutations that cause cancer are not directly inherited (it can influence it, ex. only 10% of breast cancer cases linked to genetic mutations)

36
Q

Which abnormal gene causes an 80% risk of breast cancer by age 90

A

BRCA1/2 DNA repair genes

37
Q

Neurofibromatosis

A

increased production of benign tumours of the nerves that have an increased risk of malignancy (autosomal dominant)

38
Q

Actinic keratoses

A

Small, crusted, scaly patches that develop on sun-exposed skin; may develop into cancer if untreated

39
Q

Lentigo maligna

A

The freckle-like proliferation of melanin-producing cells that may develop on sun-exposed skin; may transform into melanoma

40
Q

Leukoplakia

A

Thick white patches in the mucous membranes of the mouth from exposure to tobacco tars from pipe or cigar smoking or smokeless tobacco (may give rise to squamous cell cancers of the oral cavity)

41
Q

Diagnosis of Tumors

A

Recognize early warning signs and symptoms, Complete medical history and physical examination, screening early (need to consider invasiveness/severity, cost/benefits), Surface – Visual, Orifice (opening) – Endoscopy, Internal – CT scan/MRI, Lab procedures

42
Q

Cytologic diagnosis

A

Fine needle aspiration, biopsy (many organs – precise location of tumor by CT, Xray or US)

43
Q

Histology

A

Frozen section Slides prepared and stained – rapid histological diagnosis in minutes

44
Q

Abnormal smear

A

Slides of abnormal cells shed from surface of tumors

45
Q

Tumor-associated antigen tests

A

Some cancers secrete substances that can be detected in the blood by lab tests (Carcinonembryoic antigen, Alpha-fetoprotein, Human chorionic gonadotropin, Acid phosphatase)

46
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

A

Produced by most malignant tumors of the GI tract, pancreas, breast

47
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein

A

Normally produced by fetal tissues in the placenta but not adult cells

48
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin

A

Normally produced by the placenta in pregnancy

49
Q

(PSA test) Acid phosphatase

A

Normally produced by prostate epithelial cells

50
Q

Treatments of tumor

A

Surgery, TNM Classification, Staging I-IV, Radiotherapy, Hormones (Corticosteroids), Chemotherapy (anti-cancer drugs), Adjuvant chemotherapy,

51
Q

TNM Classification

A

T- size 1-4, N spread to regional LN 1-3, M distant metastasis 0-2

52
Q

Staging I-IV

A

Early, localized, regional spread, distant spread

53
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Lasts 3-6 months (4-8 cycles of 3-4 weeks), 3 stages: Induction (1 month intensive) /Consolidation (few months) / Maintenance (2-3 years); Normal cells recover quickly, side effects disappear gradually (prognosis of the patient depends on their overall health and the type of anticancer drugs used)

54
Q

Alkylating agents

A

Inhibit DNA synthesis, structure or function (DNA replication)

55
Q

Side effects of chemotherapy

A

Anemia, Constipation, Depression, Diarrhea, Hair loss (alopecia), Infection, Loss of appetite (anorexia), nausea and vomiting, Mouth, gum, and throat problems; sores, and sexual problems

56
Q

External Radiation Therapy

A

Damages DNA to disrupt growth of cancer, targeted external bean for 15 min 5x/week for 3-9 weeks

57
Q

Internal Radiation Therapy

A

Tablet, liquid (IV) or brachytherapy (implant to deliver radioactive dose directly to tumor); fewer side effects compared to external

58
Q

Considerations for Surgery (PROO)

A

Patient health/survivability (risks)
Resectability of tumor
Operability of tumor
Other treatment options

59
Q

Immune system cancer control (CNMA)

A

CD8 (Cytotoxic) T cells destroy cancer antigens presented by MHC I
NK cells can destroy cells expressing stress signals, deficient MHC I expression
Macrophages can destroy tumor cells by phagocytosis
Antibodies to tumor antigens can tag tumor cells for destruction by Macrophages/ complement

60
Q

Immunotherapy (Non-specific or Specific types)

A

Stimulating the body’s immune response to attack cancer
Nonspecific: Cytokines
Specific: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy, Tumor vaccines, Tumor antibody therapy

61
Q

IFN alpha

A

Has general antiviral effects, inhibition of tumor growth, useful in leukemia, multiple myeloma

62
Q

IL-2

A

Stimulates NK cells and Cytotoxic CD8 T cells
and used in metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma

63
Q

CAR-T therapy

A

Specific Immunotherapy; Genetic TCR alteration

64
Q

Dendritic cell therapy

A

Activation of dendritic cells in presence of tumor antigens

65
Q

Anti-tumor vaccines

A

Tumor antigens from patient used to immunize patient against recurring disease after resection

66
Q

Anti-tumor antibodies

A

Specific antibodies directed against tumor, sometimes linked with antitumor drug (chemo) or toxin (radioactive)

67
Q

Drugs to remove blockades that are inhibiting immune function

A

Prevents tumor immune suppression functions (CTLA-, PD1, PD-L1)

68
Q

Oncolytic viruses (Vaccinia, Vesicular stomatitis virus)

A

Infects and kills cancer cells, stimulate anti-tumor immunity - Attenuation

69
Q

Thyroid cancer survival rate

A

95% (5-year rate)

70
Q

Pancreatic cancer survival rate

A

4% (5-year rate)

71
Q

Most common cancers in males and females

A

Lung cancer (males) and Breast cancer (females)

HSS 3305 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions