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HSS 3305 > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus gland

A

Control Center

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2
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Directed by the hypothalamus to secrete hormones to control endocrine gland function

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3
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Metabolism, growth

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4
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Mineral regulation (Ca, P)

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5
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Metabolism/blood pressure

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6
Q

Pancreatic islets glands

A

Glucose regulation

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7
Q

Ovaries and testes glands

A

Sex, reproduction

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8
Q

Pineal glands

A

Sleep – melatonin

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9
Q

Autocrine

A

Cell products act on itself

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10
Q

Paracrine

A

Localized action around the production site (short distance)

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11
Q

Endocrine

A

Products secreted into bloodstream to have action at distant sites (long distance)

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12
Q

When are hormones synthesized?

A

In response to levels of hormone in circulation (pituitary hormones), or in response to levels of substances in the blood (glucose)

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13
Q

Negative feedback

A

Increased levels stimulate decreased production (pituitary hormones)

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14
Q

What do clinical disorders of endocrine glands result in?

A

Hyper or hyposecretion of hormones caused by gland abnormalities or abnormality in gland activity

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15
Q

Which lobe in the pituitary gland is vestigial in humans?

A

Intermediate lobe: Rudimentary structure

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16
Q

What is prolactin secretion controlled by?

A

Prolactin Inhibitory factor

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17
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone stimulate?

A

The release of prolactin and thyroid hormones

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18
Q

What causes hormone levels to fluctuate?

A

Natural (causes more hormones to be produced/pulsed), emotion, stress, anger, and fear

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19
Q

Growth hormone(GH) - Anterior PG hormone

A

Stimulates growth of tissues

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20
Q

Prolactin - Anterior PG hormone

A

Stimulates milk production

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21
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - Anterior PG hormone

A

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones

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22
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) - Anterior PG hormone

A

Simulates release of adrenal hormones

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23
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) - Anterior PG hormone

A

Regulate sexual growth/development, fertility

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24
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Posterior PG hormone

A

Causes more concentrated urine (increased water reabsorption) – regulated in response to sodium ion conc in blood (detected by receptors in hypothalamus)

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25
Q

Oxytocin - Posterior PG hormone

A

Stimulates uterine contractions and milk secretion

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26
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

The anterior lobe fails to secrete all hormones and Can be caused by tumor/destruction, neurologic injury, ischemia from reduced blood supply or rare congenital defects

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27
Q

Hypofunction of the anterior PG

A

Can lead to Pituitary dwarfism (deficiency of growth hormone, with stunted growth and development (can supplement with GH)

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28
Q

Hypofunction of the posterior PG

A

Can also lead to Diabetes insipidus from failure of posterior lobe to secrete ADH - inability to absorb H2O causes excretion of large amounts of diluted urine (supplement with ADH, increased fluid intake)

29
Q

Functional pituitary gland tumours

A

Produce hormones that cause clinical manifestations (most commonly affects growth hormone and prolactin production)

30
Q

Nonfunctional pituitary gland tumours

A

Do not produce hormones but exert other effects from tumour encroachment

31
Q

Pituitary Gland Tumors treatment

A

Drugs can be used to suppress tumor growth, Excess hormone can be counteracted with inhibitor drug, and Surgical resection: Usual surgical approach is through the nasal cavity (transsphenoidal resection)

32
Q

Pituitary Gland Hormone Overproduction

A

Overproduction of growth hormone, caused by pituitary adenoma and causes gigantism

33
Q

Acromegaly

A

Adult onset of pituitary gland growth hormone overproduction. Since bones are no longer growing – they thicken and coarsen, Large jaws, and large, thickened fingers – not taller. It May cause visual disturbances, headaches, and neurological deficits. Curable with surgery

34
Q

Prolactin overproduction

A

Result of small pituitary adenoma and or conditions affecting function of hypothalamus. Stimulates galactorrhea (milk secretion from breasts of women who are not pregnant) and inhibits FSH/LH, curable with surgery

35
Q

Anovulation/amenorrhea

A

Loss of menstrual periods and in males – infertility, hypogonadism, sexual dysfunction

36
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Two lateral lobes connected by isthmus and composed of thyroid follicles that produce colloid and store hormones. It produces thyroid hormone T3 (triiodothyrine) and T4 (thyroxin) and controls the rate of metabolic processes

37
Q

Colloid

A

Precursor thyroid hormones (thyroglobulin, T1,T2)

38
Q

Goiter (causes + treatment)

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland (non-toxic goiter: no increase in thyroid hormone). Enlargement is in response to TSH stimulation due to insufficient thyroid hormone.
Causes: Iodine deficiency (required to produce T3, T4 hormones), Enzyme deficiency or inefficient enzyme function– unable to produce hormones, and increased hormone requirements (puberty, pregnancy, stress)
Treatment: Administer thyroid hormone and suppress TSH or surgery

39
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excess secretion of thyroid hormone and can be caused by thyroid adenoma, most commonly by Graves disease (autoimmune disease), or antithyroid antibody. Can move eyes forward due to swelling from T-cells that attack fat, connective tissue and muscles.
Treatment: Antithyroid drugs, thyroidectomy of portion of thyroid, large doses of radioactive iodine, to destroy part of thyroid gland

40
Q

Myxedema

A

Causes metabolic slowing, high levels of TSH and low levels of thyroid hormones
Treatment: administration of thyroid hormone

41
Q

Cretinism

A

Caused by failed thyroid gland development or thyroid enzyme deficiency; only noticed months after birth. Causes impaired growth and impaired central nervous system development

42
Q

Chronic Thyroiditis

A

Inflammation; Thyroiditis can be caused by acute viral or bacterial infection

43
Q

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

A

Autoantibodies and T cells destroy thyroid tissue and TSH receptors (Graves – autoimmune stimulates) which causes decreased thyroid hormone production and an enlarged thyroid gland.
Treatment: administration of thyroid hormone

44
Q

Thyroid Tumors

A

Typically present as benign adenomas (glands) but may progress to malignancy. These can also be a side effect of cancer treatments (5-10 year latency period)

45
Q

Types of thyroid carcinomas

A
  1. highly-differentiated follicular and papillary carcinoma (Assoc with radiation exposure in children) - good prognosis in young
  2. Poorly differentiated follicular carcinomas – closely resembles thyroid tissue - poor prognosis
  3. Undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma - uncommon and seen in older adults - poor prognosis
46
Q

Medullary carcinoma (calcitonin secreting parafollicular cells)

A

Rare, secretes increased calcitonin (unregulated). Causes poor bone health (calcium scavenging), kidney stones, heart/ brain effects

47
Q

How is Parathyroid hormone secretion regulated?

A

In response to blood calcium levels (high – decrease/ low – increase) tightly regulated: need to be kept in narrow range

48
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Relatively common disease that is usually caused from a hormone-secreting parathyroid adenoma, excess calcium in the body

49
Q

Hypercalcemia (effect of hyperparathyroidism)

A

Blood calcium rises

50
Q

Renal calculi (effect of hyperparathyroidism)

A

Excessive calcium excreted in urine

51
Q

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Can result from chronic renal disease when too much calcium is lost

52
Q

Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

A

Chronic hyperparathyroidism (over 2y) – parathyroid becomes unresponsive to chronic low blood calcium levels and releases PTH constantly

53
Q

Hypoparathyroidism causes + treatment

A

Usually from accidental removal of parathyroid glands, blood supply to glands during thyroid surgery/ treatment of goiter, or from autoimmune disease/congenital abnormality (Can cause seizures, irregular heart rhythms, and respiratory spams/failure)
Treatment: Raise calcium levels

54
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Blood calcium falls precipitously

55
Q

Adrenals (+hormones secreted)

A

Paired glands above kidneys – two set of adrenal glands (inner – medulla, outer- cortex)
3 main hormones secreted:
1. Glucocorticoids: raise blood glucose (ACTH)
2. Mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolyte and water balance
3. Gonadocorticoids: Sex hormones (ACTH)

56
Q

Addison Disease

A

An adrenal cortical hypofunction caused by atrophy or destruction of adrenal glands which results in a deficiency of all steroid hormone production (causes absent or irregular menstrual cycle)
Treatment: Administration of corticosteroids

57
Q

Glucocorticoid deficiency

A

Hypoglycemia

58
Q

Mineralocorticoid deficiency

A

Low blood volume and low blood pressure

59
Q

Cushing Disease

A

Hyperfunction - excessive production of adrenal corticosteroids resulting in disturbed carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism (elevated blood glucose), increased breakdown of proteins, high blood pressure, blood volume, and osteoporosis

60
Q

Most common causes of Cushing Disease

A

ACTH Hormone-producing pituitary microadenoma (Cushing disease – most common), Corticosteroid -producing adrenal cortex adenoma, Hyperplastic adrenal glands or tumor (secreting ACTH)

61
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (over production of adrenal sex hormones)

A

Deficiency of enzymes required for synthesis of aldosterone/cortisol, Early sexual development in males – stunted development of puberty in females (virilization/masculinization, ambiguous genitalia, infertility), and hypoglycemia, elevated BP

62
Q

Overproduction of aldosterone

A

Promotes absorption of salt and water in kidneys and elimination of potassium

63
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Produces catecholamines that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, Norepinephrine (noradrenaline), Epinephrine (adrenaline)

64
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Rare tumor (benign) that results in increased secretion of catecholamines (large amounts) which may cause cerebral hemorrhage from hypertension; inherited susceptibility (gene mutations in MEN1 and 2

65
Q

Nonendocrine Tumors

A

Can secrete hormones like molecules. Ex: Ectopic hormones: Hormones secreted by nonendocrine tumors that are identical with or mimic action of true hormones (ACTH, TSH, gonadotropins, ADH, PTH and insulin) - found in humors of the lung, pancreas, kidneys, and connective tissue

66
Q

Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

A

Produces hormones – glucose regulation/digestion
Beta cells: Insulin production – glucose metabolism (in response to high blood glucose)
Alpha cells: Glucagon – raises blood glucose and fatty acid concentration
Delta cells: Somatostatin reduces acid secretion (digestive system)

67
Q

Gonads (Ovaries, Testis) function

A
  1. Production and development of germ cells (sperm or ovum) - required for sexual development/fertility
  2. Endocrine function: Production of sex hormones: (testosterone, progesterone, estrogen)
68
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of steady state in internal control system – can be affected by stress and its impact on the endocrine system

69
Q

Acute stress response

A

Fear, fight, flight – mediated by sympathetic NS though the adrenal medulla (Epinepherine/norepinepherine)

HSS 3305 (21 decks)

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