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Exam 1 of term 3 > Lecture 9+10+DLA > Flashcards

Lecture 9+10+DLA Flashcards

1
Q

probability rule of one

A

informs us of the likelihood of it occurring, can range anywhere from 0 (indicating that the event will
never occur) to 1 (indicating that the event is certain).

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2
Q

probability rule of two

A

the sum of all the probabilities is one

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3
Q

probability rule of three

A

the probability that an event does not occur is 1 minus the probability that it does occur

P(A) = 1 - P(not A)

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4
Q

probability rule four

A

Events that cannot occur at the same time are called disjoint or mutually exclusive

If A and B are disjoint events, 
then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
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5
Q

general addition rule

A

A and B are not mutually exclusive events

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A and B)

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6
Q

multiplication rule

A

the probability of two events happening at the same time

The general multiplication rule (has to do with conditional probability)

The specific multiplication rule:

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7
Q

The specific multiplication rule:

A

P(A and B) = P(A) * P(B), is only valid if the two events are independent

only works if one probability does not change the probability of the other event

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8
Q

power equals

A

power = 1 - beta

Power is the ability to correctly reject a null hypothesis that is indeed false.

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9
Q

Actinomycetes

A

bacteria that form long branching filaments

important genus:
actinomyces and nocardia

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10
Q

Actinomyces israelii

A

gram + branching filamentous

anaerobic, commensal oral and GI flora

Forms opportunistic abscesses in anoxic tissue

periodontal disease (can lead to lumpy jaw)

Foul-smelling, draining sulfur granules are notable
Can form slow granulomatous abscesses in any tissue

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11
Q

mycolic acids and acid fast stain (Ziehl-Neelsen stain)

A

form a thick lipid waxy layer that limits nutrient uptake and thus slow growth

the thick lipid wall interferes with staining and protects the bacteria

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12
Q

what species need to be stained by the acid fast

A

Mycobacterium species and Nocardia

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13
Q

Nocardia asteroides (Nocardiosis)

A

acid fast branching filamentous
weakly gram +
aerobic

Exogenous transmission via inhalation of dust particles

Forms opportunistic abscesses:
Pulmonary cavitation disease is more common
More severe in immuno-compromised patients

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14
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)

A

Transmission through air droplets originating from cough

In the lungs, M. tuberculosis is phagocytized by alveolar macrophages but they are unable to kill the bacterium due to its unique thick lipid cell wall (cord factor)

M. tuberculosis is facultative intracellular and poorly controlled in individuals with low Cell-Mediated Immunity

Granulomas are formed over weeks to months due to the production of cytokines and upregulation of proteins involved in recruitment, which also lead to host tissue damage.

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15
Q

Mycobacterium leprae (Leprosy)

A

obligate intracellular bacteria

replicates in the macrophages and nerve cells

Transmission is thought to involve coughing and sneezing or by prolonged contact

can have: both lead to loss of sensation

lepromatous leprosy: more severe
tuberculoid leprosy = less severe

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16
Q

M. marinum (skin infections)

A

found in bodies of fresh and salt water

usually uncommon, usually due to contact with fish
due to small cut or skin scrape

The first signs of infection with M. marinum include
a reddish or tan skin with a granuloma

17
Q

Mycoplasma species general

A

do not have a cell wall

smallest prokaryote
sterols in membrane

18
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

transmission is by air droplets

Most common cause of “Walking pneumoniae” or
“atypical pneumonia”, associated with a dry persistent
cough over weeks

does not gram stain due to no cell wall; so cannot use beta lactams

19
Q

Mycoplasma genitalium & Ureaplasma

A

STI’s

in women:
PID
painful sex
vaginal bleeding or discharge

in men:
urethritis
stinging and burning during urination
discharge

can cross placenta and lead to SA or premature birth

20
Q

Chlamydia species

A

obligate intracellular

has a cell wall but no peptidoglycan
does not gram stain
resistant to beta lactams
depend on host for ATP

Elementary body (EB) : infectious form
Reticulate body (RB) : replicative form
21
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

STI and trachoma

22
Q

Chlamydia pneumoniae

A

pneumonia

human to human by aerosols

23
Q

Chlamydia psittaci

A

(Psittacosis)
Zoonotic respiratory disease from birds

presents in the lungs and other organs

24
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis Urethritis

A

most common bacterial STI/STD in the US
males are more likely to be symptomatic

pain from urination
clear discharge

25
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis Cervicitis

A

most females are asymptomatic

untreated infection can lead to transmission to baby
PID
ectopic pregnancy
sterility

pap smear can detect intracytoplasmic inclusions

26
Q

Rickettsia

A

obligate intracellular
does not stain and resistant to Beta lactams
transmitted by arthropod bite

Multiply at the site of arthropod attachment and often produce a local lesion

Penetrate the skin or mucous membranes, multiply in the endothelial cells of small blood vessels, causing vasculitis

27
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A

onset is 7 to 14 days after a tic bite
high fever and lymphadenopathy
endovasculitis (rash on palms and soles)

28
Q

Spirochaetes bacteria

A

unique structure with endoflagella

require special microscopy

29
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

Causative agent of Syphilis

Transmitted by sexual contact or transplacental

30
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Causative agent of Lyme Disease

Transmitted by tick bite

31
Q

another name for null and alternative hypothesis?

A

Null = H0

Alt: H1 or HA

32
Q

null hypothesis is rejected if

A

if the P value is less than alpha

if the P value is more than alpha the null is correct

33
Q

Type I error

A

also known as a false positive

rejecting the null, when the null is true

34
Q

Type II error

A

false negative

not rejecting the null when the null is not true

35
Q

stat power

A

power = 1 - beta

Exam 1 of term 3 (15 decks)

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