Lecture 11+12

Question 1

first line of defense

Answer 1

physical barriers
chemical barriers
genetic barriers

a surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers to keep microbes out

Question 2

second line of defense

Answer 2

inflammatory response
interferons
phagocytosis
complement

a cellular and chemical defense system that comes into play when the infectious agents make it passed the first line defenses

Question 3

third line of defense

Answer 3

B and T lymphocytes, antibodies, cytotoxicity

specific host defenses that must be developed for each microbe through the action of specialized WBC.

activity towards specific pathogens and formation of memory

Question 4

innate arm of the immune system

Answer 4

immediate reaction
nonspecific

includes: barriers (skin, mucous membranes, acidity of stomach)

phagocytic cells
antimicrobial peptides
temp.

Question 5

acquired (adaptive) arm of the immune system

Answer 5

develops in response to an infection
adapts to recognize and eliminate and remember pathogens
highly specific
takes several days for this arm to become fully functional

cell-mediated and antibody mediated immunity

self and non-self recognition

Question 6

hematopoiesis

Answer 6

production of blood cells

all blood cells arise from Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)

Question 7

LM stem cells

Answer 7

• mother of all blood cells: lymphoid and myeloid elements

- may self-renew or commit to be a pluripotential

Question 8

CFU-GEMM or CFU-L

Answer 8

can self renew or commit to progenitor cell

Question 9

Progenitor

kinds of progenitor?

Answer 9

committed stem cells; limited self-renewal

1) Myeloid progenitors: granulocyte, macrophage,
monocyte, erythroid, megakaryocyte, eosinophil, basophil
2) Lymphoid progenitors: lymphocytes

Question 10

Agranulocytes:

Answer 10

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 11

granulocytes

Answer 11

basophil
neutrophil
eosinophil

Question 12

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

Reticuloendothelial System

Answer 12

▪Network of connective tissue fibers and cells surrounding organs

Inhabited by phagocytic cells – mononuclear phagocyte system –ready to attack and
ingest microbes that passed the first line of defense

Question 13

primary lymphoid tissues

Answer 13

bone marrow

thymus

Question 14

secondary lymphoid tissue

Answer 14

spleen, adenoids, tonsils, lymph nodes, payer’s patches, MALT

Question 15

thymus

Answer 15

T cell development and maturation

will induce death upon T cells that cant recognize self-MHC molecules or react to strongly to MHC molecules

function decreases with age

immature are more in the cortex and the mature are in the medulla

Question 16

3 regions of the lymph node

Answer 16

cortex:
mainly B cells

paracortex:
T cells
activation of T cells and interaction of T and B cells

medulla:
plasma cells secreting Ab’s and macrophages

Question 17

spleen

Answer 17

filters blood
activation of lymphocytes from blood borne pathogens
(important for systematic infections)

red pulp: remove of old or defective RBC and platelets

White pulp: PALS with T cells and follicles with B lymphocytes

marginal zone:
initiation of immune response

Question 18

MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

Answer 18

Organized areas along digestive, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts

Pathogens are directly transferred across mucosa by
Microfold cells (or M cells)

Question 19

antigen factors in immunogenicity

Answer 19

foreignness

molecular size (Da)

chemical composition (greater complexity = higher immunogenicity)

adjuvant - enhance response

Question 20

endemic

Answer 20

refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area

Question 21

Hyperendemic

Answer 21

refers to persistent, high levels of disease

occurrence.

Question 22

Sporadic

Answer 22

refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

Question 23

Epidemic

Answer 23

refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.

Question 24

Pandemic

Answer 24

refers to an epidemic that has spread over several

countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people

Question 25

Leavell & Clark´s Levels of Disease Prevention

Answer 25

1. primordial = population prevention (government policy)
2. primary = prevent disease from occurring
3. secondary = screening
4. tertiary = treatment
5. quaternary = prevent over treatment (preventing all types of harm