Lecture 11+12 Flashcards

1
Q

first line of defense

A

physical barriers
chemical barriers
genetic barriers

a surface protection composed of anatomical and physiological barriers to keep microbes out

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2
Q

second line of defense

A

inflammatory response
interferons
phagocytosis
complement

a cellular and chemical defense system that comes into play when the infectious agents make it passed the first line defenses

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3
Q

third line of defense

A

B and T lymphocytes, antibodies, cytotoxicity

specific host defenses that must be developed for each microbe through the action of specialized WBC.

activity towards specific pathogens and formation of memory

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4
Q

innate arm of the immune system

A

immediate reaction
nonspecific

includes: barriers (skin, mucous membranes, acidity of stomach)

phagocytic cells
antimicrobial peptides
temp.

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5
Q

acquired (adaptive) arm of the immune system

A

develops in response to an infection
adapts to recognize and eliminate and remember pathogens
highly specific
takes several days for this arm to become fully functional

cell-mediated and antibody mediated immunity

self and non-self recognition

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6
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of blood cells

all blood cells arise from Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)

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7
Q

LM stem cells

A
  • mother of all blood cells: lymphoid and myeloid elements

- may self-renew or commit to be a pluripotential

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8
Q

CFU-GEMM or CFU-L

A

can self renew or commit to progenitor cell

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9
Q

Progenitor

kinds of progenitor?

A

committed stem cells; limited self-renewal

1) Myeloid progenitors: granulocyte, macrophage,
monocyte, erythroid, megakaryocyte, eosinophil, basophil
2) Lymphoid progenitors: lymphocytes

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10
Q

Agranulocytes:

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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11
Q

granulocytes

A

basophil
neutrophil
eosinophil

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12
Q

Mononuclear Phagocyte System

Reticuloendothelial System

A

▪Network of connective tissue fibers and cells surrounding organs

Inhabited by phagocytic cells – mononuclear phagocyte system –ready to attack and
ingest microbes that passed the first line of defense

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13
Q

primary lymphoid tissues

A

bone marrow

thymus

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14
Q

secondary lymphoid tissue

A

spleen, adenoids, tonsils, lymph nodes, payer’s patches, MALT

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15
Q

thymus

A

T cell development and maturation

will induce death upon T cells that cant recognize self-MHC molecules or react to strongly to MHC molecules

function decreases with age

immature are more in the cortex and the mature are in the medulla

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16
Q

3 regions of the lymph node

A

cortex:
mainly B cells

paracortex:
T cells
activation of T cells and interaction of T and B cells

medulla:
plasma cells secreting Ab’s and macrophages

17
Q

spleen

A

filters blood
activation of lymphocytes from blood borne pathogens
(important for systematic infections)

red pulp: remove of old or defective RBC and platelets

White pulp: PALS with T cells and follicles with B lymphocytes

marginal zone:
initiation of immune response

18
Q

MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)

A

Organized areas along digestive, respiratory, and
urogenital tracts

Pathogens are directly transferred across mucosa by
Microfold cells (or M cells)
19
Q

antigen factors in immunogenicity

A

foreignness

molecular size (Da)

chemical composition (greater complexity = higher immunogenicity)

adjuvant - enhance response

20
Q

endemic

A

refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area

21
Q

Hyperendemic

A

refers to persistent, high levels of disease

occurrence.

22
Q

Sporadic

A

refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

23
Q

Epidemic

A

refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.

24
Q

Pandemic

A

refers to an epidemic that has spread over several

countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people

25
Q

Leavell & Clark´s Levels of Disease Prevention

A
  1. primordial = population prevention (government policy)
  2. primary = prevent disease from occurring
  3. secondary = screening
  4. tertiary = treatment
  5. quaternary = prevent over treatment (preventing all types of harm