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Health Assessment > Lecture 8.1 - Abdomen > Flashcards

Lecture 8.1 - Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Which quadrant are the liver, gallbladder and hepatic flexure of the colon found in?

A

RUQ

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1
Q

Which quadrant is the pancreas found in?

A

The head of the pancreas is found in the RUQ, the body is in the LUQ.

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2
Q

Which quadrant is the duodenum found in?

A

RUQ

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3
Q

Which quadrant are the kidneys and adrenals found in?

A

In their corresponding upper quadrants

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4
Q

Which quadrant is the stomach found in?

A

LUQ

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5
Q

Which quadrant is the Spleen and splenic flexure of the colon found on?

A

LUQ

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6
Q

Which quadrant are the cecum and appendix found in?

A

RLQ

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7
Q

Which quadrants are the spermatic cords/ovaries and fallopian tubes found in?

A

Lower quadrant of corresponding side.

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8
Q

Which quadrant are the ureters found in?

A

Lower quadrant of corresponding side.

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9
Q

Which quadrant is the sigmoid colon found on?

A

LLQ

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10
Q

How does adipose tissue distribution change in older males an females?

A

Women have an increase in suprapubic adipose tissue and men have an increase in abdominal adipose tissue.

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11
Q

How does salivation, gastric secretion, the liver, and renal function change in older adults?

A

Decreased gastric acid and saliva production

Decreased liver size and renal function

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12
Q

Why are older adults at a higher risk for pneumonia?

A

Because they experience delayed esophageal emptying, which increases their chance of aspirating.

Aspiration often leads to pneumonia.

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13
Q

Why are older adults at risk of constipation?

A

Because they often do not feel at thirsty, and thus also experience higher rates of dehydration

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14
Q

Why are older adults at risk of toxicity due to drugs?

A

Liver atrophy with age means they cannot metabolize medication as quickly

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15
Q

What additional health history should obtain when doing a nutritional/abdominal assessment of an older adult?

A

Food access, emotional characteristics (eating alone or in company), recent food recall, bowel movements

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16
Q

What is pyrosis?

A

Heartburn

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17
Q

What is cholecystitis?

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

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18
Q

What might hematemesis indicate?

A

Varices or ulcers

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19
Q

What is melena and what causes it?

A

Black stool with a tar-like consistency - indicates bleeding higher up in GI tract

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20
Q

What are abdominal adhesions and what might cause them?

A

fibrosis/scarring of the abdominal viscera - be aware of them in patients who have had GI/abdominal surgery

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21
Q

When examining the contour of a patients abdomen, how would a depressed shape be described?

A

Scaphoid

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22
Q

When examining the contour of a patients abdomen, how would a very large/extended shape be described?

A

Protuberant

23
Q

Which four words are used to describe the shape and contour of an individual’s abdomen?

A

Flat
Scaphoid
Rounded
Protuberant

24
Q

Which information should be noted when inspecting the umbilicus?

A

Colour
–> Should match surrounding skin

Position
–> Along midline

Orientation
–> Usually inverted
–> Everted is normal for some people, but be sure to ask the patient

25
Q

Are visible veins normal on the abdomen?

A

No, abnormal findings

26
Q

What is skin turgor? How can it be tested for?

A

The skin’s ability to stretch an return back to normal

Pinching a small area of skin - if it returns to normal quickly, it has high turgor

27
Q

What is the normal size for striae?

A

Between 1-6 cm

28
Q

Are striae normal?

A

They are for the vast majority of individuals. Always ensure to ask about new findings, the patient can confirm if they are normal for them or not.

29
Q

What is a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy?

A

A feeding tube that goes through a stoma in the stomach.

30
Q

What are normal bowel sounds? Which side of the stethoscope should be used to listen to them?

A

Diaphragm of stethoscope is best
–> High-pitched, gurgling, cascading sounds that is irregular in rhythm
–> Normally 5-30 sounds/min

31
Q

What are normal abdominal vascular sounds? Which end of the stethoscope should you listen to them with?

A

Listen with Bell
–> No normal vascular sounds

32
Q

Which technique should be used to listen to abdominal sounds?

A

Begin in RLQ (or area of least tenderness) and work clockwise

33
Q

What are normal and abnormal causes for
hyperactive bowel sounds?

A

Normal:
–> Empty stomach

Abnormal
–> Early-stage bowel obstruction

34
Q

How would you assess for hypoactive or absent bowel sounds? What might cause this?

A

Decreased or absence of bowel sounds - listen for full five minutes to assess

Post-abdominal surgery, inflammation of peritoneum, late-stage bowel obstruction

35
Q

What might cause systolic bruit in the abdomen?

A

AAA, partial occlusion of femoral arteries, renal artery stenosis (Depending on area you’re listening to)

36
Q

What does abdominal venous hum sound like? What might cause it?

A

Soft, continuous humming noise of medium pitch
Caused by portal HTN, liver cirrhosis.

37
Q

Where would tympany be heard over viscera?

A

Over hollow organs

38
Q

Where would dullness be heard over viscera?

A

Over solid organs (or an abnormal mass or fluid)

39
Q

What is involuntary rigidity associated with?

A

Peritonitis

40
Q

What might cause ascites?

A

Liver cirrhosis, CHF, Cancer

41
Q

What is a major concern for someone with a bowel obstruction?

A

Hypovolemic shock due to dehydration and loss of electrolytes

42
Q

What is Colicky pain?

A

Intense, sharp pain due to strong peristaltic contractions.

43
Q

A bowel obstruction leads to excess fluid and gas buildup, what might this cause?

A

Fluid leakage into peritoneum.

44
Q

What temperature would you expect in a person experiencing chronic liver disease?

A

Lower temperature due to chronic vasodilation caused by liver disease

45
Q

How does the prostate change in older adults? Why?

A

Hormonal imbalances cause benign adenoma formation - prostate hypertrophy can mechanically obstruct urethra

46
Q

What is dyschezia

A

Pain while passing stool

47
Q

When are black stools normal?

A

When the patient is taking iron supplements

48
Q

Hemorrhoids are varicose veins on the anus caused by increased portal venous pressure.

What might cause increase portal venous pressure?

A

Chronic constipation, liver disease, pregnancy

49
Q

What are some symptoms of external hemorrhoids?

A

Pain, pruritis, bleeding during defecation.
Thromboses contain clotted blood, they are often swollen, shiny, blue

50
Q

How can Internal hemorrhoids be observed?

A

Red mucosal mass, often seen during the Valsalva maneuver.

51
Q

What might cause fecal impaction?

A

Decreased bowel mobility and low-fiber diet

52
Q

What are the symptoms of a fecal impaction?

A

Pain, bloating, anorexia, urgency to pass stool but inability to do so, overflow incontinence.

53
Q

Which patient would you want to assess first?
1. Patient who has had diarrhea for 2 days
2. Patient who states their hemorrhoids are causing pain
3. Patient who has not passed stool in two days
4. Patient who has melena while on ion supplements

A
  1. Diarrhea for two days

This person is dehydrated and experiencing an electrolyte imbalance.

54
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

The absence of a period during reproductive years

Health Assessment (14 decks)

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