Lecture 6 - Cardiac Flashcards
What is the name for the artery behind the knee?
Popliteal
What is considered hypotention?
<95/60 mm Hg
What is considered hypertension?
> 130/80 mmHg
What is the precordium?
The area between the manubrium and sternal body (1st and 5th rib) where the heart and aortic arch sit.
Where is the base of the heart?
At the 3rd intercostal space
Where is the apex of the heart?
At the 5th intercostal space
What is pulmonary circulation? Which ventricle controls it?
Circulation to the lungs, pumped by right ventricle
What are the heart’s three layers?
Pericardium - serous bilayer
Myocardium - cardiac muscle
Endocardium - endothelial tissue
Which valve separates the pulmonary artery and right ventricle?
The pulmonic valve
Which valve separates the aorta and left ventricle?
The aortic valve
What valve separates the right atrium and ventricle?
The tricuspid
Which valve separates the left atrium and ventricle?
The Mitral valve
What is the name for the short phase where the AV valves are open and ventricles passively fill?
The protodiastolic phase
What is the name for the active filling phase where the atria contract and fill the ventricles with the remaining 25% of their stroke volume?
The presystolic phase
What is isometric contraction?
The period where all four heart valves are closed before systole
Describe the five structures involved in conducting and creating impulses in the heart
- SA node
- Atrium
- AV node
- Bundle of His
- Left + right bundle branch
Purkinje Fibers
Describe what happens during different phases of a sinus rhythm ECG.
P wave - Depolarization of atria
Q-R Interval - Time necessary for the impulse to travel through the AV nodes to the ventricles
QRS Complex - Depolarization of ventricles
T wave -Repolarization of ventricles
What are the two normal heart sounds?
S1 “Lub”
–> Closure of AV valves
S2 “Dub”
–> Closure of semilunar valves
Sometimes there are extra sounds in a heartbeat - what are S3 and S4?
S3 (Ventricular gallop) - heard immediately after S2
–> Ventricles resistant to filling during protodiastole
S4 (Atrial gallop) - Heard just before S1
–> Ventricles resistant to filling during presystole
What are heart murmurs and how should they be documented?
Turbulence in blood flow that creates additional sounds during a heartbeat
When documenting, note frequency, intensity, duration, and timing.
Which three things might lead to heart murmers?
- An increase in blood speed
- A decrease in blood viscosity
- Incompetent heart valve
What is the second leading cause of death in Canadians over 65?
Cardiovascular disease
Which hemodynamic changes occur in older adults?
–> Increase in systolic BP d/t arterosclerosis
–> Decreased diastolic BP
–> Thickening of left ventricle
–> Inability to meet cardiac output needs during exercise
Which electrical conduction system changes occur in older adults?
–> Increase in supraventricular and ventricular arrythmias
–> Increase in ectopic beats
–> ECG changes