Lecture 8 - Witnesses

Question 1

Outline the 5 concepts explaining EWT.

Answer 1

1. Reconstructive memory = filling in the gaps of what might have happened, not what actually happened.
2. Attributional Bias = how we interpret what we see.
3. Stereotypes = story changes as it is told as influenced by prejudices. Brain creates shortcuts.
4. Estimator Variables = Witness and Event
5. System Variables = wording of Qs in interview, related to the CJS.

Question 2

Name the 5 concepts that influence the accuracy of EWT.

Answer 2

Flashbulb Memory
Weapon Focus Effect
Change Blindness
Inattentional Blindness
Recognition Memory - 12 seconds

Question 3

Name the 3 concepts that may influence what happens to original memories.

Answer 3

1. Alteration hypothesis - if memory interfered with, permanently altered.
2. Coexistence Theory - both original and altered exist and can be recalled.
3. Source Misattribution Theory - elements of misleading info and original blended.

Question 4

What are the 4 techniques for improving accuracy of EWT according to Ainsworth, 1998.

Answer 4

1. Recreate original context of encoding
2. Focused Attention
3. Multiple Retrieval Attempts
4. Varied Retrieval

Question 5

Outline the 5 steps of the Cognitive Interview and the 4 tasks within it

Answer 5

1. Introduction
2. Open ended narration - no interference of Qs.
3. Probing - Qs
4. Review
5. Close
6. Report everything
7. Context reinstatement
8. Changing order
9. Changing perspective.

Question 6

Name the 5 possible biases in identification evidence

Answer 6

• Line-up Instruction Bias
• Foil Bias
• Clothing Bias
• Presentation bias
• Investigator Bias