Lecture 8 'Substance Use Disorders'

Question 1

Alcohol abuse/dependence is 5-6 times more common in _____.

Non-alcohol abuse/dependence is 2-3 times more common in _____.

Answer 1

males

males

Question 2

Alcohol-related diagnoses are more common in rural or urban settings? Non-alcohol related drug abuse diagnoses are more common in rural or urban settings?

Answer 2

Alcohol = RURAL
Non-alcohol = URBAN

Question 3

Describe the typical pattern of substance use?

Answer 3

Experimental > Regular use/misuse > Dependence

Question 4

What are the two types of Substance-related disorders?

Answer 4

Substance-Induced disorders (biochemical impact)

Substaince Use disorders

Question 5

What is the key characteristic of substance use disorders?

Answer 5

Problematic pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment/distress as manifested by IMPAIRED CONTROL and SOCIAL IMPAIRMENT within 12 months

Question 6

What is risky substance use?

Answer 6

Continued drug use despite serious drug-related problems / use of drugs in hazardous situations

Question 7

What is the difference between drug tolerance and drug withdrawal?

Answer 7

Tolerance = need for more to achieve desired effect, diminished effect with continued use

Withdrawal = withdrawal symptoms characteristic of the drug used

Question 8

Which is the only substance that does NOT produce dependence?

Answer 8

Caffeine

Question 9

What are the three substance classifications?

Answer 9

A. CNS Depressants
B. CNS Stimulants
C. Hallucinogens

Question 10

What are the three most common depressants?

Answer 10

Alcohol
Opiods
Sedatives

Question 11

________ is the major psychoactive drug used worldwide

Answer 11

alcohol

Question 12

How are young men affected by alcohol compared to old men?

Answer 12

young men more likely to be killed by alcohol-related injuries

old men more likely to die from alcohol-related diseases

Question 13

What are the three types of alcohol abuse?

Answer 13

1. Drinks large amounts everyday until intoxicated; plans life around drinking
2. Drinking to excess limited to weekends/evenings or both
3. Abstain from drinking for long periods and periodic binges

Question 14

Women are more likely to drink as ____________; they ________ their consumption after marrying and becoming parents.

Men are _____ likely to become chronic abusers __:__

Answer 14

young adults
decrease

more
5:1

Question 15

Substance disorders have high comorbidity rates with which three disorders?

Answer 15

anxiety
mood
conduct

Question 16

What are the three possible outcomes for alcohol withdrawal?

Answer 16

1. Delirium tremens
2. Alcoholic hallucinosis
3. Associated health problems (liver; heart; nutrition)

Question 17

For alcohol, genetics is more important in predicting ____________ to __________

Answer 17

progression

dependency

Question 18

What is the endorphin compensation hypothesis?

Answer 18

Alcohol increases the production of endorphin causing addiction

Question 19

What is the serotonin hypothesis?

Answer 19

Alcohol increases serotonin to average levels

Question 20

Describe alcohol dependence aetiology from all perspectives? HARD BONUS QUESTION

Answer 20

Learning Based

• tension reduction hypothesis
• operant conditioning
• modelling/vicarious reinforcement

Cognitive
- attitude/expectancy variables

Social contexts

• peer pressure
• availability
• legal context

Question 21

What are the two types of sedatives/hypnotic drugs?

Answer 21

Anti-anxiety drugs (e.g. benzodiazepines)

Barbiturates

Question 22

Opiods are collectively known as ________

Answer 22

narcotics

Question 23

Stimulants are possibly the most _________ of all drugs

Answer 23

reinforcing

Question 24

What is the most widely used illicit drug?

Answer 24

Cannabis

Question 25

What are 7 dangers of marijuana?

Answer 25

1. Paranoia/anxiousness - panic
2. Cannabis intoxication
3. Cognitive changes
4. May contribute to lung disease
5. Smoke contains tar and benzpyrene
6. Lower sperm count + reduced spermatoza in men
7. THC - mild suppressive effect on immune system

Question 26

Tolerance reflects three separate mechanisms, what are they?

Answer 26

>Metabolic = liver produces more enzymes
>Pharmacological = brain adaption 
>Behavioural = cues conditioned stimuli (CS) and elicits conditioned response (CR)

Question 27

Describe the ‘Flipped switch’ theory of addiction?

Answer 27

Genetic differences may explain how quickly individuals cross ‘threshold’ from controlled use to addiction

Question 28

Amphetamines and cocaine act directly on the ________ system. Opiates inhibit ______ release.

Answer 28

dopamine

GABA (brain police)

Question 29

The incentive sensitization theory suggests addiction reflects pathological _________(____) to take drugs

Answer 29

wanting (not liking)

Question 30

Smokers were more like to rate that they enjoyed smoking when their other senses were blocked or not blocked?

Answer 30

NOT blocked - when visual + olfactory senses were blocked hardened smokers liked it less than when they weren’t blocked + no nicotine

Question 31

Psychological treatment for substance use puts focus on _______

Answer 31

Self efficacy