Lecture 8 'Substance Use Disorders' Flashcards
Alcohol abuse/dependence is 5-6 times more common in _____.
Non-alcohol abuse/dependence is 2-3 times more common in _____.
males
males
Alcohol-related diagnoses are more common in rural or urban settings? Non-alcohol related drug abuse diagnoses are more common in rural or urban settings?
Alcohol = RURAL Non-alcohol = URBAN
Describe the typical pattern of substance use?
Experimental > Regular use/misuse > Dependence
What are the two types of Substance-related disorders?
Substance-Induced disorders (biochemical impact)
Substaince Use disorders
What is the key characteristic of substance use disorders?
Problematic pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment/distress as manifested by IMPAIRED CONTROL and SOCIAL IMPAIRMENT within 12 months
What is risky substance use?
Continued drug use despite serious drug-related problems / use of drugs in hazardous situations
What is the difference between drug tolerance and drug withdrawal?
Tolerance = need for more to achieve desired effect, diminished effect with continued use
Withdrawal = withdrawal symptoms characteristic of the drug used
Which is the only substance that does NOT produce dependence?
Caffeine
What are the three substance classifications?
A. CNS Depressants
B. CNS Stimulants
C. Hallucinogens
What are the three most common depressants?
Alcohol
Opiods
Sedatives
________ is the major psychoactive drug used worldwide
alcohol
How are young men affected by alcohol compared to old men?
young men more likely to be killed by alcohol-related injuries
old men more likely to die from alcohol-related diseases
What are the three types of alcohol abuse?
- Drinks large amounts everyday until intoxicated; plans life around drinking
- Drinking to excess limited to weekends/evenings or both
- Abstain from drinking for long periods and periodic binges
Women are more likely to drink as ____________; they ________ their consumption after marrying and becoming parents.
Men are _____ likely to become chronic abusers __:__
young adults
decrease
more
5:1
Substance disorders have high comorbidity rates with which three disorders?
anxiety
mood
conduct
What are the three possible outcomes for alcohol withdrawal?
- Delirium tremens
- Alcoholic hallucinosis
- Associated health problems (liver; heart; nutrition)
For alcohol, genetics is more important in predicting ____________ to __________
progression
dependency
What is the endorphin compensation hypothesis?
Alcohol increases the production of endorphin causing addiction
What is the serotonin hypothesis?
Alcohol increases serotonin to average levels
Describe alcohol dependence aetiology from all perspectives? HARD BONUS QUESTION
Learning Based
- tension reduction hypothesis
- operant conditioning
- modelling/vicarious reinforcement
Cognitive
- attitude/expectancy variables
Social contexts
- peer pressure
- availability
- legal context
What are the two types of sedatives/hypnotic drugs?
Anti-anxiety drugs (e.g. benzodiazepines)
Barbiturates
Opiods are collectively known as ________
narcotics
Stimulants are possibly the most _________ of all drugs
reinforcing
What is the most widely used illicit drug?
Cannabis
What are 7 dangers of marijuana?
- Paranoia/anxiousness - panic
- Cannabis intoxication
- Cognitive changes
- May contribute to lung disease
- Smoke contains tar and benzpyrene
- Lower sperm count + reduced spermatoza in men
- THC - mild suppressive effect on immune system
Tolerance reflects three separate mechanisms, what are they?
>Metabolic = liver produces more enzymes >Pharmacological = brain adaption >Behavioural = cues conditioned stimuli (CS) and elicits conditioned response (CR)
Describe the ‘Flipped switch’ theory of addiction?
Genetic differences may explain how quickly individuals cross ‘threshold’ from controlled use to addiction
Amphetamines and cocaine act directly on the ________ system. Opiates inhibit ______ release.
dopamine
GABA (brain police)
The incentive sensitization theory suggests addiction reflects pathological _________(____) to take drugs
wanting (not liking)
Smokers were more like to rate that they enjoyed smoking when their other senses were blocked or not blocked?
NOT blocked - when visual + olfactory senses were blocked hardened smokers liked it less than when they weren’t blocked + no nicotine
Psychological treatment for substance use puts focus on _______
Self efficacy
