Lecture 11 'Physical Illness' Flashcards
Apart from medical conditions, what else needs to be coded alongside mental disorders?
physical illnesses
What causes disease according to the psychodynamic theory?
unconscious conflict
What are the three stages of Stress as a Response Model?
- Alarm phase
- Resistance phase
- Exhaustion phase
What are the different models of stress?
A response model
A stimulus model
A transaction model
Describe the Stimulus Model of stress?
Stress is defined in terms of stimuli/events assumed to influence most people similarly
What are some problems of the Stress as a Stimulus model?
- does not include all stressors (minor, everday)
- cause or effect?
- stressor may have occurred outside time frame
- not everyone responds to stress the same
- many people experience negative life events and don’t fall ill
- positive stress = negative stress? (same level of stress when getting fired as getting married)
Describe the Transactional model of stress?
Stress occurs when a situation is appraised as exceeding a person’s adaptive resources
What three mechanisms underlies the transactional model of stress?
> the perception of the stressor
access to resources
type of coping strategy used
The Stress and Coping model argues that __________ is the most important thing when coping with stress.
appraisal
The two types of appraisal in the Stress and Coping model are 1.________ and 2._________; the two types of coping strategies are 1.___________ and 2.___________
- primary (challenge/threat)
- secondary (control/self efficacy)
- Problem-focused
- Emotion-focused (approach vs. avoid)
What are the two ways psychological factors can cause or exacerbate illness?
- Effects on biological mechanisms that mediate illness (e.g. conditioning)
- Their role in determining health behaviours (e.g. exercising)
Chronic stress overwhelms the body’s what?
homeostasis
What acute and chronic stressors have been shown to suppress the immune system?
Acute =
- Academic examination
- Presentation of feared object to phobics
Chronic =
- Caregiving: Alzheimer’s
- Unemployment
What coping style and what types of cognition/appraisals in response to stress have been linked with immunosuppression?
Coping style
- repressive coping style
Cognitions/Appraisals
- locus of control
- pessimistic explanatory style
- self-efficacy
What three forms of social disruption is linked with immunosuppression?
> Loneliness
Marital separation
Bereavement
_______ personality is linked with immunosuppression, specifically cardiovascular illness
Type A
Emotional distress and depression are two forms of ________/________ which leads to immunosupression
adjustment/adaptation
What has been a successful prevention program for HIV?
- Peer-based education
Steve has been participating in un-safe sexual behaviour and is at risk for contracting HIV. What high-risk factors need to be considered in this situation? (6)
> poor self efficacy
lack of social skills in negotiating safe sex
drug/alcohol use
lack of identification with local community
marked distress
reduced HIV/AIDS concern
According to Vanable (2000), people with HIV are more likely to engage in unsafe sex if they have a HIGH or LOW concern about their HIV?
More likely to engage in unsafe sex when LOW concern
What are the seven generic key adaptive tasks that cut across most illness types?
> Maintaining emotional equilibrium
Maintaining a sense of self
Maintaining relationships with family/friends
Preparing for the future
Dealing with the physiological and medical aspects of illness
Dealing with treatment and medical care environments
Establishing and maintaining effective relations with healthcare professionals
A dual model of mental health adaptation and outcomes considers indicators of _________ and _______ ________
psychopathology
positive wellbeing
What are the two positive effects of physical illness?
- Sense-making (e.g. revising values)
2. Benefit finding (e.g. growth, empathy)
What is an adverse effect of illness?
psychopathology (mental illness on top of physical illness)
What are the biological causes of coronary heart disease?
- Myocardinal ischemia (temporary O2 deprivation)
- Atherosclerosis (thick artery wall)
- Coronary occlusion (blocked arteries)
The demand-control model suggests that coronary heart disease may be _________ by social support and control
buffered
Type A personality was considered related to higher risk of coronary heart disease however this effect has not been replicated; some evidence suggests that Type B personality should be linked to the disease. What feature probably found in both personalities likely increases the risk of heart disease?
hostility = general cynicism about interpersonal relationships
Depression is how much more common among patients with coronary heart disease compared to the general population?
3 times
According to the buffering hypothesis, social support is only beneficial when?
under periods of HIGH stress
Describe what the primary / secondary and tertiary encouragements are for the prevention of coronary heart disease
Primary > encourages healthy behaviours
Secondary > detect and address existing disease prior to appearance of symptoms
Tertiary > targets p’s who have already been diagnsed with a disorder
The best treatment programs for people diagnosed with a physical illness are ___________ and ______________.
structured
individualised
