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PSYC3102 > Lecture 2 'Models of Psychopathology' > Flashcards

Lecture 2 'Models of Psychopathology' Flashcards

1
Q

According to the scientist-practitioner approach, what three things are psychopathology models used to explain?

A
  1. Origins of abnormal behaviour (aetiology)
  2. How to treat it
  3. How to prevent it
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2
Q

What are the five models of psychopathology?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychodynamic
  3. Humanistic / Existential
  4. Behavioural
  5. Cognitive
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3
Q

What is the pedigree method?

A

Biological model (genetics)
> family incidence method
> asks the question: how prevalent is the disorder in the family?

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4
Q

According to classic twin design studies,

MZ different DZ means what?

MZ = DZ + high concordance means what?

MZ = DZ + low concordance means what?

A 
Same = genetic contribution
High = shared environment
Low = non-shared environment
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5
Q

What two ways do molecular genetics studies assist in understanding mental illness?

A

1 - genetic association studies (is one allele of a candidate gene seen more often in clinical people?)

  1. Genome wide association studies (assess common variation across genome)
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6
Q

What are the four neurotransmitter systems and what are their effects?

A
  1. Serotonin - regulates behaviour, mood and thought
  2. Gaba - reduces overall arousal
  3. Noradrenalin - controls basic bodily functions (e.g. respiration, alarm response)
  4. Dopamine - relays messages to control movements, mood and thought processes
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7
Q

Explain ALL the biological aetiology models HARD BONUS QUESTION

A

Dysfunction/damage of =

> > > Genetic:

  1. Pedigree method (family prevalence)
  2. Classic Twin studies
  3. Adoption studies
  4. Molecular genetics (gene association + genome association)

> > > Biochemistry:
1. neurotransmitters (serotonin, GABA, noradrenalin, dopamine)

> > > Neuroanatomy:
1. hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

> > > Endocrine:
1. HYPAC axis (hyopthalamic-pituitary-adrenal-cortical)

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8
Q

In the US (2013-2014), the drug with the highest sales was what? What is the problem with this?

A

Antipsychotic drugs (and 8th was antidepressants)

> Many people are over-reliant on medication

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9
Q

What are the two biological treatment models?

A
  1. Electro-convulsive shock treatment

2. Pharmacotherapy

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10
Q

According to the WHO, ___% of people in third-world countries are on anti-psychotic medication; compared to ___% of people in developed countries

A

~15%

~60

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11
Q

According to the psychodynamic model, how might the ego be responsible for mental illness?

A

Ego uses a range of defence mechanisms to ward off unpleasant feelings (e.g. repression)

  • may be in conflict with Id and Superego
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12
Q

According to the psychodynamic model, how might stages of Freud’s psychosexual development explain illness?

A

Oral - sucking behaviour (e.g. smoking)
Anal - obsessiveness, tidiness/untidiness
Phallic - self-obsession, envy

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13
Q

According to Freudian theory, how is a symptom formed? How is it treated?

A

Symptom Formation = Traumatic childhood experience > Defence mechanism > Symptoms

Symptom Removal = Free association > Recovery of material > Awareness and Interpretation

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14
Q

What five contributions did Psychodynamic theory provide in the study of abnormal behaviour?

A
  1. Impact of childhood experiences on later development
  2. The impact of the unconscious on behaviour
  3. The continuity of normality and abnormality
  4. Demystified mental illness
  5. Defence mechanisms
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15
Q

What are three limitations of the psychodynamic theory?

A
  1. Resistance to empirical investigation
  2. Emphasizes abnormality rather than psychological health
  3. Has not contributed to prevention or early intervention methods
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16
Q

According to the Humanistic model of psychopathology, humans are born with a natural inclination to what?

A

Be friendly, cooperative, constructive and driven to self-actualize

17
Q

According to the Humanistic model, what causes abnormal behaviour?

A

Lack of a person’s basic need for unconditional positive regard (which leads to unconditional self-regard)

18
Q

___________ processes are necessary to explain modelling

A

non-observable

19
Q

What are behavioural techniques for classical, operant and modelling treatments?

A

Classical:

  • systematic desensitization
  • aversion therapy
  • exposure therapy

Operant

  • positive reinforcement
  • extinction
  • token economy
  • behavioural activation

Modelling
- Social skills training

20
Q

What are the benefits of the behavioural model?

A

+ Can be tested in lab
+ Empirical support
+ Useful techniques

21
Q

What are the limitations of the behavioural model?

A
  • no concrete evidence that improper conditioning causes abnormal behaviour
  • too simplistic
  • over-emphasis on learning/environment
  • ignores cognition
22
Q

What are Beck’s four automatic negative thoughts?

A
  1. Arbitrary Inference
  2. Overgeneralisation
  3. Dichotomous thinking
  4. Magnification and Minimization
23
Q

What three things is Acceptance Commitment Therapy (ACT) based on?

A
  1. Functional contextualism
  2. Relational Frame Theory
  3. Post-Skinner contextual theory of language + cognition
24
Q

Summarise the cause of psychological disorder according to each of the six psychopathology models. HARD BONUS QUESTION

A

BIOMEDICAL
> Inherited or acquired brain disorders involving imbalance in neurotransmitters or damage to brain structures

PSYCHODYNAMIC
> Unconscious conflicts over impulses such as sex and aggression, originating in childhood

HUMANIST
> Lack of unconditional positive regard leads to self deception and a distorted view of one’s experiences leads to psychological dysfunction

BEHAVIOURAL
> Faulty learning

COGNITIVE
> Irrational or maladaptive thinking about one’s self, life events and the world

ACT
> Language and cognition interact with direct contingencies leading to inability to persist or change behaviour in the service of long-term valued ends. Comes from weak/unhelpful contextual control over language processes

PSYC3102 (13 decks)

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