Lecture 4 'Anxiety' Flashcards
What are the gender differences of anxiety prevalence?
Women have higher prevalence than men
Anxiety disorders are prevalent across all age groups however rates of anxiety disorders _________ with age
Decrease
What are the two most prevalent anxiety disorders?
PTSD and social phobia
What are the five types of anxiety disorders?
- Specific phobia
- Social phobia
- Panic disorder
- Agoraphobia
- Generalised anxiety disorder
What are the features of anxiety – related disorders?
– Physiological symptoms
– Avoidance symptoms
– Disturbances in attention {intrusive thoughts, attentional biases,re-experiencing symptoms}
– Subjective anxiety
Who is more affected by specific phobia?
Females 2:1
What are two essential features of social anxiety?
1) marked fear/anxiety about social situations
2) fears they will act in a way that will be negatively evaluated by others
Sufferers of social phobia I’m more likely to take what perspective when remembering social memories?
The observer perspective
Social phobias are more likely to take the_______perspective where as non-social phobias are more likely to take the______perspective
Observer
Field
What are the three criteria for panic disorder in the DSM5?
1) recurrent/unexpected panic attacks
2) followed by: concern about future attacks / maladaptive chances in behaviour (avoidance)
3) not a specific phobia / other condition or substance abuse
What are essential features of Agoraphobia?
> fear/anxiety of: public transport, crowds, open/closed spaces, being outside of home alone, lines of people
> anxiety of being in places where escape is not easy in the event of a panic attack
What are the four criteria for generalised anxiety disorder?
1) excessive worry about numerous events
2) difficulty controlling worry
3) experience three or more (restlessness, fatigue, hard to concentrate, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance)
4) anxiety, worry or physical symptoms cause significant interference
The development of generalised anxiety disorder may be caused by what kind of early experience?
Early experiences of uncontrollability and unpredictable negative events
Obsessive – compulsive disorder is characterised by what?
obsessions, compulsions or both
Obsessive – compulsive disorder prevalence is slightly higher in which gender?
Females
Obsessive-compulsive disorder prevalence is higher in which age group and rare in which age group?
Childhood/adolescence
Rare over 35years
What are the three common types of CONTENT in obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Violence
Sex
Blasphemy / sacrilege
What are the three types of obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Thoughts / images / impulses
What is common obsession has the highest prevalence for OCD?
Contamination - 45%
but multiple obsessions have a prevalence of 60%
For OCD, what things are NOT considered obsessions?
Real-life worries, depressive ruminations, recurrent sexual fantasies, jealousy, pre-occupation with something new, cravings to gamble, steal, etc
What is the most common compulsion in OCD?
Checking behaviour
___-___% of PTSD patients are likely to have a comorbid disorder
80-90%
What is the psychodynamic perspective of the aetiology of anxiety?
Anxiety is caused by conflict between the id + ego vs the superego and serves as a signal to trigger defences against sexual/aggressive impulses
According to the evolutionary perspective, what causes anxiety?
Anxiety is a protective behaviour part of the adaptive system.
Anxiety disorders are caused by problems in the regulation of this system to deal with threat
What causes anxiety according to the biological perspective?
> Genetics: monozygotic twins have higher concordance rates than dizygotic twins
Neurobiology: flight/fight response in certain regions of the brain
The biological model of OCD aetiology suggests the brain is hyperactive in which area?
Cortical-striatal-thalamic circuit
Anxiety associated with a depletion of _______ in the neural synapses
Serotonin
What are the three pharmacological treatments for anxiety?
1) Benzodiazepines
2) Tricyclics
3) Antidepressants
What are the two psychodynamic treatments for anxiety?
1) free association + dream analysis
2) interpersonal psychotherapy
What are cognitive-behavioural methods to treat anxiety?
CBT
Psychoeducation
Cognitive techniques
Exposure therapy
