Lecture 8: Reptiles & Dinosaurs Flashcards
The discovery of Mesosaur fossils in South Africa and South America provide evidence for which theory(ies)?
a)Fin Fold Theory
b)Birds evolving from dinosaurs
c)Continential Drift
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
c) Continential drift
Sauropsids include which of the following vertebrates?
a) Birds only
b) Birds & Reptiles
c) Reptiles only
d) Dinosaurs only
e) Birds, Reptiles, Turtles & their ancestors
f) None of the above
e) Birds, Reptiles, Turtles and their ancestors !
The lack of use of of the buccal cavity to pump air into the lungs is indicative of which form of vertebrate respiration?
a) Dual pump respiration
b) Buccal pump respiration
c) Aspiration pump respiration
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
c) Aspiration pump
What are amniotes?
early tetrapods that have developed the ability to lay shelled eggs in response to the changing climate
When did the Diapsids emerge?
after the extinction of the Permian period (250 MYA)
Which group do Sauropsidas come from?
a) Synapsida
b) Diapsida
c) Parareptilia
d) None of the above
Diapsida
What groups are included in the clade: Sauropsida and what common feature do they all share ?
- Amniotes, including birds, reptilians, and ancestors
Reptilia:
Aspiration breathing
The air is no longer being forced into the lungs
The buccal cavity is no longer used to pump air
Air is pumped into the lungs by the ribcage and the intercostal muscles (between ribs)
What is the glottis? and what type of animals have them?
- the glottis opens into the trachea
- remains closed except when breathing
- seperates respiratory function from breathing
- allows reptiles to sustain themselves in the terrestrial world
- reptilian feature
Which clade and group is known for having the aspiration pumping style of breathing?
Sauropsids: Reptilia
What style of breathing involves air being pumped into the lungs by the ribcage and intercostal muscles between ribs?
a) Dual pumping
b) Buccal pumping
c) Aspiration pumping
d) lung breathing
c) Aspiration pumping
What two lineages under Reptilia share the feature of aspiration pumping breathing?
a) Mesosaurs & pareptilia
b) Parareptilia & eureptilia
c) Eureptilia & mesosaurs
d) None of the above
b) Parareptilia and Eureptilia
What common feature is shared in all three reptilian lineages: Mesosaurs, Pareptilia and Eureptilia?
they all lack temporal fenestrae - anapsids
- they are also primitive amniotes
What are the features of the Sublass: Mesosaurs?
think about aquatic lifestyle
- They were the earliest amniotes to return fully to the aquatic lifestyle
- First Sauropsid that is specialized for an aquatic lifestyle
Main features:
Long neck
Elongated snout w/ teeth
Paddle-shaped feet w/ long digits (aquatic lifestyle)
Laterally compressed tail (aquatic lifestyle)
Poorly ossified (not much bone) due to having an aquatic lifestyle
Limbs are quite long
What features are known in Subclass: Parareptilia?
- Early reptiles
- Are successful and diverse in the middle Permian period
- Medium-sized
- Herbivores
- Swollen (bigger) neural arches
- Digits articulated with ankle bones - their ankle bones and the digits, the tarsals and metatarsals are connected on top of one another
- went extinct by the end of Triassic period
What two orders come from the Subclass: Eureptilia?
- Captorhinidae (basal form - early form)
- Diapsida
Which of the following do these reptilian lineages: Mesosaurs, Parareptilia, Eureptilia & Captorhinidae have in common?
a) diapsid skull
b) primitive amniotes
c) anapsid skull
d) b & c
e) none of the above
d) b & c
What 3 lineages from Subclass: Eureptilia fall under Diapsida:
a) Archosauramorpha, Eurapsidya & Lepidosauramorpha
b) Testudinada, Archosauramorpha, Eurapsidiya
c)Lepidosauramorpha, Archosauramorpha & Crocodylamorpha
a) Archosauramorpha, Euryapsida & Lepidosauramorpha
What are the characteristic features of the Infraclass: Archosauramorpha?
- reduced forelimbs
- bipedalism
- antorbital fenestrae
What are the 5 orders make up Infraclass Archosauramorpha?
- Thecodonts
- Crocodylamorpha
- Pterosaurus
- Dinosaura
- Birds
What features are characteristic of the Order:Thecodonts
- within diapsida
- extinct at end of triassic
- emerged late permian
- bipedal
- similar to aligators &crocodiles
- ankle joint
- Cruotarsal joint - bent at the ankle
- Mesotarsal joint - specialized for walking/running
What features are characteristic of the Order: Crocodylamorpha
- emerged 230 MYA to the end of the triassic period
- some were Bipedal
- specialization of Aspiration pumping
- Inhalation: rib cage expands, liver pulls back
- Exhalation: rib cage contracts, liver moves forward, compressing lungs - example: Machimosaurus Rex
What are the three subgroups within the Order of Crocodylamorphs within the Archosauramorphs that are living with us today?
- Crocodyladae
- Alligatoridae
- Gavialidae
What feature distinguishes an Aligator from a Crocodile?
the teeth - alligators teeth are in a single line, whereas crocodiles teeth stick out up and down when mouth closed.
What are the characteristic features of the Order: Pterosaurs
- emered late Triassic period
- extinct enf of Cretaceous period
- distant cousin of dinosaur
- not a dinosaur
- Antorbital fenestrae
- extraordinarily long finger
- true and powered flight
For which theory does it state that the bipedal ancestors of birds had feathered forearms to catch insects, by leaping in the air and actively catching the insects leading to eventual flight?
a) Fin-Fold theory
b) Climbing theory
c) Arboreal theory
d) Insect-theory
d) Insect theory
what are the three theories in regards to explaining the origin of flight?
Which of the three has the most empirical support?
- Arboreal theory
- Insect-Net theory
- Climbing theory
clibing and arboreal theory = most support
Which theory states that flight came about by being bipedal, began in trees, leaping b/t branches, and involved gliding & flapping that led to eventual flight.
a) Arboreal theory
b) climbing theory
c) Gill-Arch theory
d) Insect theory
a) Arboreal theory
Which theory for the origin of flight involved protowings to enhance the ability to dash up lines?
a) Climbing theory
b) Insect theory
c) Arboreal theory
d) None of the above
a) Climbing theory
Who were the ancestor to dinosaurs?
dinosauromorphs
What group within Archosauropmorpha is the protodactylus from?
Dinosaura
- ancestors to the disnosaurs
- small, size of a cat