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Vertebrate Zoology > Lecture 7: Amniotes > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Amniotes Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following do placoderms and ostracoderms have in common?

a) Both have jaws
b) Bony head shields
c) Pelvic fins
d) None of the above

A

a) Bony head shields

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2
Q

What is vertebrate terrestrialization?

A

the evolution of fish to tetrapods

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3
Q

When did tetrapods diverge from lobe-finned fish (Scarcopterygians)?

A

Devonian period or earlier - 375 to 385 MYA

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4
Q

When did adaptations to terrestrial life for tetrapods occur?

A

earliest Carboniferous period - 345 - 359 MYA

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5
Q

What advantages did tetrapods have in shallow aquatic areas?

A

a) ability to use limbs to walk on ground/water - the extension of their digits on their feet

b) required less energy for swimming

c) Shallow water presence meant fewer predators on tetrapod young

d) significant changes in the atmosphere
- lower sea levels
- increased oxygen levels

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6
Q

Which class of vertebrates do not have a swim or gas bladder?

A

Chondrichthyes (Sharks, Rays & Skates)
- they don’t have lungs
- use their gills and tail to maintain buoyancy in water

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7
Q

Which superclass of vertebrates have a swim or gas bladder (the first ones that we see having them)

A

Osteicthyes (“bony fish”)
- Ray-finned fish
- Salmon

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8
Q

What is a gas bladder and swim bladder? what is the difference b/t a swim bladder, gas bladder, respiratory gas bladder?

A

A gas bladder is an elongated gas-filled sac, and the changes within that gas bladder will dictate where the fish sits in the water. A swim bladder is when air comes in and is used predominantly to control buoyancy.

Generally, if the organ functions predominantly in breathing, it is considered a lung or a respiratory gas bladder.

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9
Q

What is Dual pumping?
& in which fish do we see this style of breathing in?

A

There are 2 phases:
> Mouth is open, opercula is closed, buccal cavity expands and opercula expands

> Mouth is closed, opercula is open, buccal cavity contracts, opercula cavity contracts

We see dual pumping in more primitive fish such as the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)

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10
Q

What are the three differences b/t the swim bladders and the lung bladders?

A
  1. The swim bladder is dorsal to the digestive tract, and the lungs sit ventrally
  2. Swim bladders are usually single (lungs = paired)
  3. Direction of circulation
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11
Q

What is one vertebrate where we see only one lung rather than a pair of lungs?

A

Snakes!

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12
Q

What is Buccal Pump breathing, and how does it work?

A

-Similar to dual pump breathing, but with less focus on operculum

-focus is on mouth/buccal cavity

-Mouth open, buccal cavity expands (brings water/air in)

-Mouth closed, opercula open, buccal cavity contracts, opercula cavity contracts (pushes air/water further down)

-Less use of gills

  • Seen in Actinopterygii
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13
Q

What is breathing, and how does it work?

A
  • Tipping up and gulping for air likely evolved for lungs
  • Pair of lungs (left and right)
  • Air-breathing therefore not a feature for tetrapods adapting to life on land
  • Seen in lungfish
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14
Q

What prompted fish to develop air-breathing?

A

low oxygen levels in the ocean

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15
Q

When did lungs start to develop?

A

Evolved 430 MYA
- This happened 50 MY before movement onto land

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16
Q

What are the three main orders of the early tetrapods? (transition to amniotes)

A
  1. Icthyostega
  2. Temnospondyls –> modern amphibians
  3. Anthracosaurs
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17
Q

When did early tetrapods start to transition to amniotes?

a) Early Paleozoic era
b) Late Paleozoic era
c) Early Mesozoic era
d) Mid Paleozoic era
e) Carboniferous period

A

b) Late Paleozoic era and this was when Pangea was formed, the connection to the water was strong

18
Q

What Superclass and class & subclass does icthyostega belong to?

What features do icthyostega have?

A

Superclass: Ganothostomata = Jawed vertebrates

Class: Amphibia

Subclass Labyrinthodontia

*Notochord is extended into the braincase

*Dorsalventral flexion of the vertebral column (distinct for tetrapod) - they can move their head up and down
>Function unknown

*Internal gills

*Limbs with digits

*Polydactyl feet (7)

19
Q

What Superclass and class & subclass does Temnospondyl belong to?

What features does Temnospondyl have?

A

Superclass: Ganothostomata = Jawed vertebrates

Class: Amphibia

Subclass Labyrinthodontia

Order: Temnospondyl

  • led to amphibians
  • Emerged 330 MYA (Paleozoic Era = survived)
  • had flat skulls
  • robust, sturdy limbs
  • More robust limbs and girdles - important feature compared to Icthyostega and Acanthostega
  • unknown common ancestor (example: Eyrops)
    *The temnospondyls were the most successful early tetrapodomorphs (intermediate between fish and tetrapods)
    *Diversified about 100 MYA on land and in sea
    *Some were as big as a car
    (Metoposaurus)
    *Relied heavily on water due to laying eggs
    *At this time, the earth was carboniferous, and it was like a paradise to the amphibians
    *The environment was changing (climate change), which threatened their egg survivability.
    *The temnospondyls were still able to do well despite competition with other early vertebrates (crocodilians and amniotes)
20
Q

What group emerged from temnospondyls?

A

Amniotes

21
Q

During which period did the climate of Pangea start to change and become drier?

A) Devonian Period
B) Jurassic Period
C) Permian Period
D) Cretaceous Period
E) Carboniferous period

A

In the Paleozoic era in the Carboniferous period in the Pennsylvanian Epoch

22
Q

What is the difference between Amniota and Anamniotes?

A

Amniota or amniotes are birds, mammals and reptiles, and they lay shelled eggs on land, whereas anamniotes lay eggs on water and they are fish and amphibians.

23
Q

What types of eggs have their embryos developed in an extraembryonic membrane?

A

Amniotic eggs !

24
Q

What types of eggs have a leathery/hard shell surrounding them?

A

Cleidoic eggs!

25
Q

What are two important reasons why the extraembryonic shell and the shelled egg are crucial adaptations in amniotes?

A
  1. Allowed them to be no longer dependent on water or in close proximity to water
  2. eggs can withstand fluctuations in climate dryness
26
Q

When did the Amniotes start to diverge?

a)Paleozoic era
b) Mesozoic era
c) Carboniferous era
d) End of the Carboniferous era
e) Early Mesozoic era

A

d) End of the Carboniferous era…perhaps a bit earlier

27
Q

What two major lineages did the amniotes diverge into?

a) Sauropsida & Synasida
b) Parareptila & Sauropsida
c) Parareptilia &Eureptilia
e) Sauropsida & Eureptilia

A

a) Sauropsida(dinosaurs, birds & reptiles) & Synasida (Mammals)

28
Q

What are temporal fenestrae?

A

Holes in the skull

29
Q

Position and the # of bones are known as?

A

temporal arches/bars

29
Q

Synapsids

A

*1 hole behind the eye socket
*Early divergence from anapsid
*Temporal bar bordering above
*Squamosal and postorbital bone
*First amniotes to dominate the terrestrial supercontinent for 70 MYA
*Herbivorous
*Carnivorous
Example: Dimetrodon (not a dinosaur)

29
Q

Anapsids

A

*no hole behind the eye socket
* completely covered in bone
*primitive/first amniotes

29
Q

Diapsids

A

*2 holes behind the eye socket
*Upper temporal opening
*Lower temporal opening
*Separated by the po-sq temporal bar
*Upper temporal bar
*Lower temporal bar
*Pterosaurs, dinosaurs
*Eventually, birds and living reptiles

30
Q

What group of Synapsids (mammals) emerged later on (more advanced forms of the synapsids)?

A

THERAPSIDA!
*Differentiated teeth
*Enlarged canines
*Simplified lower jaw
*Specialized feeding and locomotion
*Teeth remind us of mammals

31
Q

What group covers birds, reptiles, dinosaurs and turtles that emerged in the Permian period alongside the Synapsids and peaked in the Mesozoic era?

A

Sauropsida!

32
Q

What happened in The Great Dying?

A

*one of the mass extinction events that took place in the end of the Permian period (aka Serbian traps)

  • Contact with tectonic plates causes high volcanic activity

*90% of marine life went extinct
*70% of terrestrial life went extinct

33
Q

During the Mesozoic Era, which group of amniotes experienced a significant radiation, leading to the dominance of dinosaurs?
A) Synapsids
B) Mammals
C) Archosaurs
D) Pelycosaurs

A

C) Archosaurs

34
Q

Which adaptation allowed amniotes to reproduce on land independently of water, leading to their radiation into diverse terrestrial environments?
A) Oviparity
B) Viviparity
C) External fertilization
D) Amphibious reproduction

A

A) Oviparity

35
Q

Which evolutionary innovation is characteristic of amniotes and played a crucial role in their radiation into various ecological niches?
A) Four-chambered heart
B) Mammary glands
C) Shelled egg
D) Gills

A

c) Shelled eggs

36
Q

The diversification of which group of amniotes during the Cenozoic Era led to the emergence of modern mammals?
A) Synapsids
B) Sauropsids
C) Archosaurs
D) Therapsids

A

A) Synapsids

37
Q

The adaptive radiation of birds during the Cenozoic Era is often linked to the extinction of which group of amniotes?
A) Synapsids
B) Pelycosaurs
C) Non-avian dinosaurs
D) Marine reptiles

A

c) Non-avian dinosaurs

38
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes the main difference between synapsids and sauropsids?

A) Synapsids possess temporal fenestrae, while sauropsids lack them.
B) Synapsids are characterized by an upright stance, while sauropsids typically have a sprawling posture.
C) Synapsids are typically herbivorous, while sauropsids are primarily carnivorous.
D) Synapsids have a single temporal fenestra, while sauropsids have two.

A

d) Synapsids have a single temporal fenestrae while sauropsids have two

39
Q

Which group of early tetrapodomorphs, characterized by flat skulls and robust limbs, led to the emergence of amphibians and thrived during the Paleozoic Era?

A) Crocodilians
B) Temnospondyls
C) Ichthyosaurs
D) Plesiosaurs

A

B) Temnospondyls

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