Lecture 5: Tetrapods Flashcards
Which groups are included in Osteichthyes?
a) Amphibians and reptiles
b) Ray-finned fish and lobe-finned fish
c) Cartilaginous fish and bony fish
d) Birds and mammals
B)Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) & Scarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
Which superclass includes jawed fish?
a) Agnatha
b) Gnathostomata
c) Osteichthyes
d) Chondrichthyes
b) Gnathostomata
- Which class encompasses jawless fish?
a) Chondrichthyes
b) Osteichthyes
c) Agnatha
d) Placodermi
c) Agnatha
What subclass do lobe-finned fish belong to?
a) Actinopterygii
b) Sarcopterygii
c) Chondrichthyes
d) Agnatha
b) Scarcopterygii
When did Rhipidistians emerge?
a) Early Jurassic period
b) Early Devonian period
c) Late Permian period
d) Late Cretaceous period
b) Ealry Devonian period
Which era did Rhipidistians exist in?
a) Mesozoic era
b) Paleozoic era
c) Cenozoic era
d) Neoproterozoic era
e) None of the above
b) Paleozoic era
What major support system is characteristic of Rhipidistians?
a) Cartilaginous skeleton
b) Exoskeleton
c) Notochord
d) Endoskeleton
e) ossified neural and hemal arches
c) Notochord
What transitional feature is observed in the notochord of Rhipidistians, distinguishing them from earlier osteichthyans?
a) Fusion of the bones around the notochord
b) Presence of neural spine and arches
c) Cartilaginous composition of the notochord
d) Absence of hemal arches
a) fusion of the bones around the notochord
What evolutionary significance do Rhipidistians hold?
a) They are the ancestors of Chondrichthyes
b) They represent the earliest bony fish
c) They link transitional sarcopterygians to tetrapods
d) They are the most primitive vertebrates
c) They link transitional sarcopterygians to tetrapods
Which of the following fish groups played a crucial role in the transition from ocean to tetrapods?
a) Actinopterygians
b) Chondrichthyans
c) Osteolepiforms
d) Placoderms
e) Pandericthinds
f) c & e
g) c & d
f) C & E
Which of the following statements about Osteolepiforms (Euthenopteron) is correct?
a) They are tetrapod fish.
b) They emerged in the early Devonian period.
c) Their pectoral and pelvic appendages lack transitional structures.
d) Their girdles and limbs are less ossified compared to other fish.
a) They are tetrapod fish.
Which evolutionary feature of Osteolepiforms (Euthenopteron) distinguishes them as significant in the transition from ocean to tetrapods?
a) Presence of fully developed digits in their appendages.
b) Emergence in the late Permian period.
c) Lack of ossification in their girdles and limbs.
d) Transitional structures in their pectoral and pelvic appendages.
d) Transitional structures in their pectoral and pelvic appendages.
Which of the following fish groups exhibits concentric centra, representing a transitional stage in vertebrate evolution?
a) Osteolepiforms
b) Panderichthids
c) Actinopterygians
d) Placoderms
a) Osteolepiformes
(also Rhipidistian has this)
What evolutionary significance is associated with Eusthenopteron?
a) It is a non-tetrapod fish with no transitional features.
b) It represents a transitional form between fish and tetrapods, exhibiting wrist and ankle bones similar to those found in early tetrapods.
c) It is a fully terrestrial tetrapod species that evolved directly from marine ancestors.
d) It is a member of the Class Osteichthyes but lacks any features relevant to the transition to tetrapods.
b) it represents a transitional form between fish and tetrapods, exhibiting wrist and ankle bones similar to those found in early tetrapods
- a non-tetrapod fish
In which geological period did Eusthenopteron, an important transitional lobe-finned fish, emerge?
a) Early Devonian period
b) Late Devonian period
c) Early Carboniferous period
d) Late Carboniferous period
b) Late Devonian period
What do the ray fins that connect to wrist and ankles from lobe-finned fish, such as Eusthenopteron (type of Rhipidistian), eventually transition into in tetrapods?
a) Dorsal fins
b) Pectoral and pelvic appendages
c) Tail fins
d) Anal fins
e) digits
e) digits
Which fossil species serves as an intermediate link between fish and early tetrapods, exhibiting features like wrist-like bones and a neck, indicative of both aquatic and terrestrial adaptations?
a) Eusthenopteron
b) Osteolepiforms
c) Panderichthids
d) Tiktaalik
d)Tiktaalik
When did the Tiktaalik emerge?
a) Late Devonian period
b) Early Carboniferous period
c) Late Permian period
d) Early Triassic period
a) Late Devonian period
What kind of scales did the Tiktaalik have?
a) Cosmoid scales
b) Placoid scales
c) No scales
d) Keratinized scales
a) Cosmoid scales (bony scales)
What anatomical features are absent in Tiktaalik compared to its fish ancestors?
a) Operculum
b) Dorsal fin
c) Spiracle
d) Gill slits
a) Operculum
Which structural change is observed in Tiktaalik compared to Eusthenopteron, indicating a transition from fish to tetrapods?
a) Fusion of the skull with the vertebral column
b) Enlargement of the dorsal fin
c) Detachment of the pectoral girdle from the head
d) Reduction in the number of pharyngeal arches
c) Detachment of the pectoral girdle from the head
What anatomical adaptation in Tiktaalik allowed for greater mobility of the head, a crucial feature for land-dwelling animals?
a) Fusion of the head to the shoulder girdle
b) Detachment of the pectoral girdle from the head
c) Reduction of the forelimbs
d) Enlargement of the pelvic fins
b) detachment of the pectoral girdle from the head
What key adaptation likely evolved around 430 million years ago, facilitating the transition of vertebrates from water to land during the late Silurian to early Devonian periods?
a) The development of wings for flight
b) The ability to breathe air
c) The evolution of highly efficient swimming fins
d) The adaptation of camouflaging skin patterns
b) ability to breathe air
Which class of fish possesses swim bladders, allowing for buoyancy control?
a) Chondrichthyes
b) Agnatha
c) Osteichthyes
d) Placodermi
c) Osteichthyes
Which breathing mechanism involves the expansion and compression of the buccal cavity to draw water or air into the respiratory system?
a) Dual pump breathing
b) Buccal pump breathing
c) Aspiration pump breathing
d) Lung breathing
e) None of the above
a) Dual pump breathing
The order Labrinthoythodonts (early tetrapods) includes which of the three tetrapod groups:
- Temnospondyls, archosaurs, icthyostega
- Anthracosaurs, temnospondyls, icthyostega
- Reptiliomorphs, temnospondyls, acantostega
- Temnospondyls, Acanthostega & Icthyostega
- Temnospondyls, Acanthostega and icthyostega
What are the key features of Acanthostega, one of the earliest tetrapods?
a) Dermal skull bones and branchial arches
b) Four limbs with digits and polydactyl feet
c) Aquatic lifestyle and gills for respiration
d) Branchial arches and weight-bearing girdles
b) Four limbs with digits and polydactly feet
When did Acanthostega, an early tetrapod, emerge?
a) Early Jurassic period
b) Late Devonian period
c) Early Carboniferous period
d) Late Permian period
b) Late Devonian period
Which class of early tetrapods is indicative of pentadactyl chiridium?
a) Acanthostega
b) Ichthyostega
c) Temnospondyls
d) Labyrinthodonts
a) Acanthostega
Which early tetrapods have dorsal ventral flexion (move head up and down)?
a) Acanthostega
b) Ichthyostega
c) Temnospondyls
d) Labyrinthodonts
e) none of the above
b) Icthyostega
Which characteristic is shared by both Acanthostega and Ichthyostega?
a) Presence of dorsalventral flexion in the vertebral column
b) Lack of limbs with digits
c) Absence of internal gills
d) Extended notochord outside the braincase
e) Polydactyl feet
e) Polydactyl feet
What distinguishes Temnospondyls from other early tetrapods like Ichthyostega and Acanthostega?
a) Flat skulls
b) Pentadactyl chiridium
c) Complex, folded enamel patterns on teeth
d) More robust limbs and girdles
d) More robust limbs and girdles
Which labyrinthodont survived the Paleozoic era, becoming the connection from prehistoric tetrapods to modern amphibians?
a) Acanthostega
b) Ichthyostega
c) Temnospondyls
d) Labyrinthodonts
c) Temnospondyls
During which geological period did the order Lissamphibia emerge?
a) Jurassic period
b) Paleozoic era, Carboniferous period
c) Cretaceous period
d) Paleozoic era, Permian period
e) Paleozoic era, Devoninan period
e) Paleozoic era, Devonian period
From which order and group did our modern amphibians arise?
a) Order Lissamphibia, group Temnospondyls
b) Order Lissamphibia, group Sauropsida
c) Order Gymnophiona, group Temnospondyls
d) Order Gymnophiona, group Sauropsida
a) Order Lissamphibia, Temnospondyls
What is a key indicator of Lissamphibia and modern amphibians (Temnospondyls) that they have in common?
they both lay eggs in the water and lack the egg shell to protect their eggs
Which order encompasses frogs, salamanders, and caecilians?
a) Lissamphibia
b) Reptilia
c) Aves
d) Mammalia
e) Temnospondyls
a) Lissamphibia
What are the three groups under the Order of Lissamphibia?
a) Salentia, urodela & Gymnophonia
b) Anura, Salentia & Gymnophonia
c) Tunicata, Salentia & Malaentia
d) None of the above
a) Salentia - frogs (anura)
Urodela - Slamanders (Caudata)
Gymnophonia - Caecilians (Apoda)
What distinguishes “Anurans” among modern amphibians?
a) Well-developed wings
b) Long tails
c) Lack of tails
d) Four legs
c) Lack of tails
What is a characteristic feature of the Salentia group of Order: Lissamphibia?
a) Saltatory locomotion
b) breathing through their skin
c) no tails
d) loss of lungs
e) All of the above
a) Saltatory (jumping) locomotion
Which of the following is a characteristic of lungless salamanders (plethodontids)?
a) They have well-developed lungs.
b) They primarily rely on cutaneous respiration.
c) They exhibit highly derived saltatory locomotion.
d) They possess long hindlegs.
b) They primarily rely on cutaneous respiration
When did the group Urodela (salamanders) emerge?
a) Early Triassic Period
b) Late Triassic Period
c) Mid Permian Period
d) Late Jurassic period
e) Ealry Jurassic period
b) Late Triassic period
Which of the following is a characteristic of caecilians (“Apodans’)?
a) Well-developed limbs for terrestrial locomotion.
b) Highly developed eyes for visual hunting.
c) Absence of limbs and girdles.
d) Saltatory (jumping) locomotion.
c) absence of limbs and girdles
- they have no feet!
Which amphibian species is known for its ability to regenerate its limbs?
a) Giant Salamander
b) Poison Dart Frog
c) Axolotl
d) Spotted Salamander
c) Axolotl
Which group does the axolotl belong to?
a) Salientia - Anura
b) Urodela - Caudata
c) Gymnophiona - Apoda
d) Crocodylia
b) Urodela - Caudata
