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Vertebrate Zoology > Lecture 10: MAMMALS :) > Flashcards

Lecture 10: MAMMALS :) Flashcards

1
Q

Amniotes diverged into several groups. Which of the following is NOT one of these groups?

A) Synapsids
B) Sauropsids
C) Diapsids
D) Anapsids

A

d) Anapsids

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2
Q

What is a characteristic feature of Synapsids?
a) one temporal fenestrae
b) presence of feathers
c) double temporal fenestrae
d) pneumatic bones
e) None of the above

A

a) One temproal fenestrae

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3
Q

True or False?
Dinosaurs dominated pangea well before mammals

A

False!
Mammals dominated well before the dinosaurs

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4
Q

What are homodont teeth?

A) Teeth with different shapes and sizes within the same dentition
B) Teeth that continuously grow throughout an animal’s life
C) Teeth with the same shape and size throughout the entire dentition
D) Teeth that are adapted for grinding tough plant material

A

C) Teeth with the same shape and size throughout the entire dentition

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5
Q

During which geological era did Class Synapsida arise?

A) Paleozoic Era
B) Mesozoic Era
C) Cenozoic Era
D) Precambrian Era

A

A) Paleozoic Era

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6
Q

During which geological period did Class Synapsida arise?

A) Devonian Period
B) Permian Period
C) Jurassic Period
D) Cretaceous Period
E) Carboniferous Period

A

E) Carboniferous period (~ 320 MYA)

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7
Q

Which group of amniotes were the first to dominate terrestrial land during the Carboniferous and Permian periods?

A) Dinosaurs
B) Synapsids
C) Crocodiles
D) Sauropsids

A

B) Synapsids

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8
Q

In vertebrate zoology, what does “radiation” refer to?

A) The emission of light or heat energy by vertebrates
B) The process of genetic mutation leading to new vertebrate species
C) The rapid diversification of vertebrate species into various ecological niches
D) The spread of infectious diseases among vertebrates

A

C) The rapid diversification of vertebrate species into various ecological niches

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9
Q

Which of the following three main orders diverged from Synapsida?

A) Pterosauria, Ornithischia, Saurischia
B) Anapsida, Diapsida, Testudines
C) Pelycosauria, Therapsida, Mammilia
D) Squamata, Crocodylia, Testudines

A

C) Pelycosauria, Therapsida, mammalia

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10
Q

What are isodont teeth?

A) Teeth with the same shape, length & size throughout the entire dentition
B) Teeth with different shapes and sizes within the same dentition
C) Teeth that continuously grow throughout an animal’s life
D) Teeth adapted for grinding tough plant material

A

A) Teeth with the same shape, length & size throughout the entire dentition

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11
Q

Which of the following is an advanced form of synapsids under Pelycosauria?

A) Dimetrodon
B) Archaeopteryx
C) Triceratops
D) Stegosaurus

A

A) Dimetrodon

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12
Q

Which forms of pelycosauruses were herbivorous?

A) Dimetrodon
B) Edaphosaurus
C) Ophiacodon
D) Sphenacodon

Correct Answer: B) Edaphosaurus

A

B) Edaphosaurus

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13
Q

Which of the following reasons could likely explain why there so many sailbacked spines among certain pelycosauruses?

A) For defense against predators
B) To regulate body temperature
C) For camouflage in their environment
D) To attract mates during mating displays
E) B & D

A

E) B & D

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14
Q

During which geological period did therapsids go extinct?

A) Jurassic Period
B) late Triassic Period
C) Permian Period
D) Cretaceous Period
E) mid triassic period

A

B) Late Triassic Period

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15
Q

During which geological period did Pelycosauria go extinct?

A) Jurassic Period
B) Triassic Period
C) Late Permian Period
D) Cretaceous Period

A

C) Late Permian Period

Also when The Great Dying occured

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16
Q

Which of the following suborders of Therapsida was primarily herbivorous?

A) Theriodontia
B) Anomodontia
C) Pelycosauria
D) Cynodontia

A

B) Anomodontia

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16
Q

Which two suborders emerged from Therapsida during the Late Permian and Triassic periods?

A) Theriodontia and Anomodontia
B) Pelycosauria and Theriodontia
C) Sauropodomorpha and Ornithischia
D) Dicynodontia and Cynodontia

A

A) Theriodontia and Anomodontia

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17
Q

Which of the following features are characteristic of advanced forms of therapsids?

A) Presence of a sailbacked spine
B) Development of heterodont dentition
C) Retention of an external gill slits
D) Lack of limbs and limb girdles

A

B) Development of heterodont dentition

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18
Q

Which mammalian ancestor is known for head-butting behavior?

A) Dimetrodon
B) Edaphosaurus
C) Moschops
D) Diictodon

think therapsids

A

C) Moschops

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19
Q

Which of the following are specific changes observed in Therapsida, especially in advanced theriodonts, and are indicative of mammalian traits?

A) Retention of a sprawling posture
B) Presence of a sailbacked spine
C) Quadrupedal with 5 digits
D) Evolution of heterodont dentition with differentiated teeth
E) C & D

A

E) C & D

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20
Q

Which subclass did the “Great Dying” mass extinction primarily cause to go extinct?

A) Sauropsida
B) Synapsida
C) Amphibia
D) Chondrichthyes

A

B) Synapsida

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21
Q

Which synapsid lineage survived the “Great Dying” mass extinction event?

A) Pelycosaurs
B) Anomodonts
C) Theriodonts
D) Cynodonts

A

D) Cynodontia

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22
Q

What type of jaw specialization is characteristic of Cynodontia?

A) Reduced lower jaw with Herbivorous dentition with complex cheek teeth
B) Large, sharp canines for predation
C) Reduced number of teeth and simplified dentition
D) Presence of a sailbacked spine

A

A) Reduced lower jaw with herbivorous dentition and complex cheekteeth
- they also had advanced hearing !

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23
Q

From which suborder did early mammals come?

A) Pelycosauria
B) Theriodontia
C) Anomodontia
D) Cynodontia

A

D) Cynodontia

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24
Q

Post Dino Mammals…

Which three groups of early mammals emerged and persisted after the event of the asteroid impact?

A) Monotremes, Pelycosaurs, Therapsids
B) Monotremes, Metatherians, Eutherians
C) Monotremes, Anomodonts, Dicynodonts
D) Monotremes, Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs

A

B) Monotremes, Metatherians, Eutherians

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25
Q

During which geological era did Pangea begin to break apart?

A) Paleozoic Era
B) Mesozoic Era
C) Cenozoic Era
D) Precambrian Era

A

B) Mesozoic Era

26
Q

During which epoch and period did mammals start to diversify significantly? (The Experimentation Period)

A) Paleocene Epoch, Cenozoic Era
B) Triassic Period, Mesozoic Era
C) Jurassic Period, Mesozoic Era
D) Eocene Epoch, Cenozoic Era

A

D) Eocene Epoch, Cenozoic Era

27
Q

What were the largest earliest mammals called in the Eocene Epoch?

A) Ankylosaurs
B) Plesiosaurs
C) Dinocerata
D) Mesonychids

A

c) Dinocerata

28
Q

What fossil record shows the largest land mammal known to have existed withint the Eocene epoch?

A) Tyrannosaurus rex
B) Paraceratherium spp. (Indricotherium)
C) Woolly mammoth
D) Megatherium

A

B) Paraceratherium spp. (Indricotherium)

29
Q

What is believed to have contributed to the extinction of many megafauna species during the Pleistocene period?

A) Increased volcanic activity
B) Global warming and climate change
C) Ice Age (extinction)
D) Introduction of invasive species

A

C) Ice Age

30
Q

What does the evolutionary lineage of Indohyus eventually lead to?

A) Modern whales
B) Elephants
C) Horses
D) Giraffes

A

A) Modern whales

31
Q

Which of the following are fossilized evidence of early mammals that led to the evolution of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises)?

A) Archaeopteryx, Dimetrodon, Triceratops, Stegosaurus, Velociraptor
B) Eoraptor, Thrinaxodon, Archaeopteryx, Pachycephalosaurus, Indohyus
C) Ambulocetus, Rodhocetus, Basilosaurus, Indohyus, Pakicetus
D) Trilobite, Ammonite, Coelacanth, Archaeopteryx, Dimetrodon

A

C) Ambulocetus, Rodhocetus, Basilosaurus, Indohyus, Pakicetus

32
Q

What were Sirenians?

A) Large land-dwelling mammals
B) Marine mammals resembling seals
C) Herbivorous aquatic mammals, including manatees and dugongs
D) Ancient reptiles resembling crocodiles

A

C) Herbivorous aquatic mammals, including manatees and dugongs

33
Q

During which geological epoch did Sirenians emerge?

A) Paleocene Epoch
B) Eocene Epoch
C) Oligocene Epoch
D) Miocene Epoch

A

B) Eocene Epoch

34
Q

From which superorder are Sirenians classified?

A) Afrotheria
B) Euarchontoglires
C) Laurasiatheria
D) Xenarthra

A

A)Afrotheria

35
Q

Which of the following are classified as pinnipeds (Order: Carnovira)?

A) Walruses, sea lions, and otters
B) Seals, sea lions, and walruses
C) Manatees, dugongs, and sea lions
D) Dolphins, whales, and manatees

A

B) Seals, sea lions, and walruses

36
Q

During which geological epoch did the Order of Carnivora, Pinnipeds emerge?

A) Paleocene Epoch
B) Eocene Epoch
C) Oligocene Epoch
D) Miocene Epoch

A

B) Miocene Epoch

37
Q

What vertebrates take to the air (flying)

A
  1. Pterosaurs
  2. Aves
  3. Chiroptera
38
Q

Which mammal group does the Order: Chiroptera represent?

A) Rodents
B) Bats
C) Carnivores
D) Primates

A

B) Bats

39
Q

What is the key difference in wings between bats and pterosaurs?

A) Bats have membranous wings supported by elongated fingers, while pterosaurs have wings supported by a membrane stretched between their elongated fourth finger and body.
B) Bats have feathered wings similar to birds, while pterosaurs have leathery wings.
C) Bats have wings made of cartilage, while pterosaurs have wings made of bone.
D) Bats have wings supported by a bony structure similar to that of bird wings, while pterosaurs have wings supported by elongated fingers.

A

A) Bats have membranous wings supported by elongated fingers, while pterosaurs have wings supported by a membrane stretched between their elongated fourth finger and body.

40
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes a difference in wing anatomy between bats and pterosaurs?

A) Bats have a smaller and more delicate humerus bone compared to pterosaurs and birds.
B) Pterosaurs have a fusion of the radius and ulna, while bats have separated radius and ulna bones.
C) Bats rely heavily on their fourth digit for flight, whereas pterosaurs have a reduced first digit.
D) Both bats and pterosaurs have an extension of skin (patagium) for true flight, but only bats can use their other limbs to walk and hop on the ground.

A

D) Both bats and pterosaurs have an extension of skin (patagium) for true flight, but only bats can use their other limbs to walk and hop on the ground.

41
Q

Which of the following are orders of modern mammals?

A) Monotremata, Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs
B) Eutherians, Marsupials, Birds
C) Rodents, Carnivores, Metatherians
D) Monotremata, Eutherians, Metatherians

A

D) Monotremata, Eutherians, Metatherians

42
Q

Which of the following is indicative of live, placental birth that had a strong vili connection?

A) Monotremata
B) Monotremes
C) Eutherians
D) Marsupials

A

C) Eutherians

43
Q

The extant mammal groups include Theria, Metatheria and Prototheria. Which of the following have placentas among these groups?
a) Theria
b) Metatheria
c) Prototheria
d) A and b
e) A and C
f) B and C

A

d) A & B

44
Q

True or False: The enlargement of temporal fenestrae in advanced Synapsids enhances the strength of the jaws closing capabilities.

A

True!

45
Q

Synapsids are generally characterized by which of the following skull features:
a) No temporal fenestrae behind the orbit
b) One temporal fenestrae behind the orbit
c) Two temporal fenestra behind the orbit
d) Three temporal fenestrae behind the orbit
e) None of the above

A

B) one temporal fenestrae

46
Q

Why do the dingo and Tasmanian tiger look very similar despite being from different mammal groups?

A) They share a common ancestor
B) They have undergone convergent evolution
C) They belong to the same genus
D) They were created through hybridization

A

B) They have undergone convergent evolution

47
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of the reproductive organs between marsupials and placental mammals?

A) Placentals have three vaginas while marsupials have a true vagina
B) Marsupials have three vaginas while placental mammals have a true vagina
C) Both marsupials and placental mammals have three vaginas
D) Neither marsupials nor placental mammals have a true vagina

A

B) Marsupials have three vaginas while placental mammals have a true vagina

48
Q

Which of the following orders of mammals is correctly matched with its reproductive strategy?

A) Monotremata - Placental mammals with strong villi connection
B) Eutherians - Egg-laying mammals with a pouch for underdeveloped newborns
C) Metatherians - Live birth mammals with a placenta but lacking villi
D) Marsupialia - Pouched mammals with underdeveloped newborns

A

D) Marsupialia - Pouched mammals with underdeveloped newborns

49
Q

Which of the following are three key features that are characteristic of mammals?

A) Cold-blooded, egg-laying, gill-breathing
B) Warm-blooded, feathered, beak
C) Live birth, mammary glands, hair or fur
D) Scale-covered skin, external fertilization, four-chambered heart

A

C) Live birth, mammary glands, hair or fur

50
Q

True or False?
Monotremes have nipples.

A

False.
Monotremes, such as platypuses and echidnas, do not have nipples. Instead, they secrete milk through mammary gland openings on their skin, and the young lap up the milk from the skin or fur. These are called Tufts.

51
Q

Which of the following sets of ear bones are found in mammals but not in reptiles?

A) Incus, malleus, stapes
B) Quadrate, articular, columella
C) Squamosal, quadrate, articular
D) Nasal, lacrimal, maxilla

A

A) Incus, malleus, stapes

52
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes a unique skeletal feature of mammals compared to reptiles?

A) Mammals have a single middle ear bone, while reptiles have three.
B) Early synapsids had a single bone in their lower jaw, whereas early mammals had multiple jaw bones.
C) Mammals have homodont dentition, while reptiles have heterodont dentition.
D) The dentition of mammals is characterized by teeth that differ in structure, appearance, and size, unlike reptiles.

A

D) The dentition of mammals is characterized by teeth that differ in structure, appearance, and size, unlike reptiles.

53
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes the dental characteristics of herbivores compared to carnivores and omnivores?

A) Herbivores have sharp incisors and canines, while carnivores have flat incisors and cheek teeth.
B) Herbivores have strong, flat cheek teeth and no canines, while carnivores have sharp incisors and cheek teeth.
C) Herbivores have sharp incisors and cheek teeth, while omnivores have flat premolars and molars.
D) Herbivores have strong, flat incisors and cheek teeth, while omnivores have sharp incisors and canines.

A

B) Herbivores have strong, flat cheek teeth and no canines, while carnivores have sharp incisors and cheek teeth.

54
Q

Which of the following accurately describes the specialized teeth found in terrestrial mammals?

A) Elephant tusks are enlarged canines primarily used for suction feeding, while walrus tusks are enlarged incisors used for stripping bark and gathering food.
B) Both male and female African elephants have enlarged incisors primarily used for defence, while walruses have specialized teeth called baleens for filter feeding.
C) Walrus tusks are enlarged canines used for suction feeding, while modern cetaceans have homodont teeth specialized for filter feeding with baleens.
D) Both African and Asian elephants have tusks primarily used for lifting objects and gathering food, while modern cetaceans have specialized teeth called baleens for predatory and defensive purposes.

A

D) Both African and Asian elephants have tusks primarily used for lifting objects and gathering food, while modern cetaceans have specialized teeth called baleens for predatory and defensive purposes.

55
Q

Which marine mammal is correctly matched with its specialized dental feature?

A) Crabeater Seals - Single, double, or rare protruding canine tooth used for defense and dominance
B) Narwhals - Interlocking lobed teeth specialized for filtering krill from water
C) Blainville’s Beaked Whale - Enlarged incisors known as tusks made of the densest bone of any mammal
D) Crabeater Seals - Lack of teeth and instead possess a rostrum made of ossified bone

A

C) Blainville’s Beaked Whale - Enlarged incisors known as tusks made of the densest bone of any mammal

56
Q

Which taxonomic group includes modern humans, human ancestors, and great apes?

A) Hominins
B) Hominids
C) Hominoids
D) Hominis

A

B) Hominids

57
Q

in what order did the following great apes break off from the lineage leading to humans, starting with the earliest?

A) Gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans
B) Orangutans, chimpanzees, gorillas
C) Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees
D) Chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans

A

Correct Answer: C) Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees

58
Q

What is the name of the earliest known hominin, dating back to approximately 7 million years ago?

A) Australopithecus
B) Ardipithecus
C) Sahelanthropus
D) Paranthropus

A

C) Sahelanthropus

59
Q

What does the placement of the foramen magnum indicate about the posture of hominins compared to chimpanzees?

A) Hominins have a bipedal or upright posture, while chimpanzees have a quadrupedal posture.
B) Hominins have a quadrupedal posture, while chimpanzees have a bipedal or upright posture.
C) Both hominins and chimpanzees have a bipedal or upright posture.
D) Both hominins and chimpanzees have a quadrupedal posture.

A

A) Hominins have a bipedal or upright posture, while chimpanzees have a quadrupedal posture.

60
Q

Which of the following features is characteristic of Australopithecus?

A) Prehensile feet for grasping
B) Thighbones angled outwards from the knee
C) Narrow sacrum and pelvis
D) Upright posture and short, broad pelvis
E) Thighbones angled inwards from the knee
F) D & E

A

F) D and E

61
Q

Which fossil is most indicative of Australopithecus?

A) Neanderthal 1
B) Homo habilis
C) Lucy
D) Taung Child

A

C) Lucy

62
Q

Which human ancestor is associated with the widespread use of stone tools, believed to have been the first hominin to leave Africa and spread throughout Eurasia?

A) Homo habilis
B) Homo erectus
C) Homo neanderthalensis
D) Homo sapiens

A

B) Homo erectus

63
Q

Which of the following factors distinguishes humans from flying vertebrates such as birds and pterosaurs, despite similarities in bone structure?

A) Presence of pneumatic bones
B) Presence of an antorbital fenestrae
C) Shape and size of the humerus bone
D) Composition of the ilium, ischium, and pubis in the hip bones

A

A) Presence of pneumatic bones

Vertebrate Zoology (9 decks)

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