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Ecology and diversity > Lecture 8- Reconstructing and using phylogenies II > Flashcards

Lecture 8- Reconstructing and using phylogenies II Flashcards

1
Q

What is it called when plants reproduce by mating with another individual?

A

Outcrossing

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2
Q

What do many outcrossing species have?

A

Mechanisms to prevent self fertilization

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3
Q

What are species who have mechanisms to prevent self fertilization called?

A

Self- incompatible

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4
Q

What are species who regularly fertilize themselves with their own pollen called?

A

Selfing species

They are self compatible

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5
Q

How can it be established how many times self compatibility has evolved in a group of plants?

A

Conducting a phylogenetic analysis of outcrossing and selfing species

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6
Q

In what genus and family has the evolution of fertilization mechanisms been examined?

A

Linanthus (genus)

Phlox (family)

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7
Q

Linanthus is a group of plants with _______ breeding systems and pollinating systems.

A

Diverse

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8
Q

What does petals does the outcrossing/self incompatible species in Linanthus have and what is it pollinated by?

A

Long petals

Pollinated by long tongue flies

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9
Q

What petals does the self-compatible species of Linanthus have?

A

Short petals

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10
Q

How many species of Linanthus were involved in the phylogenetic study?

A

12

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11
Q

What information was used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Linanthus?

A

Nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences

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12
Q

How was it determined what species were self compatible?

A

Artificially pollinating flowers with the plants own pollen or with pollen from other individuals and observing if viable seeds were formed

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13
Q

Self incompatibility is:
a.Derived state
b.Ancestral state
In the genus Linanthus

A

B

Ancestral state

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14
Q

How is the self incompatibility found in the Linanthus genus unusual?

A

Multiple origins of self-incompatibility has not been found in any other flowering plant family

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15
Q

Why is it easier to change from self-incompatible to self-compatibility than the reverse change?

A

Self incompatibility depends on physiological mechanisms in both pollen and stigma and requires the presence of at least 3 alleles

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16
Q

How is the physical aspect of self incompatibility in Linanthus unusual?

A

The pollen rejection site is the stigma

Site of pollen rejection vary greatly among other plant families

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17
Q

How many times has self incompatibility evolved in Linanthus?

A

3 times

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18
Q

Why were the different self compatible Linanthus species that were classified as one species now classified as separate species?

A

Phylogenetic analysis using ribosomal DNA showed them to be members of distinct lineages

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19
Q

What are zoonotic diseases?

A

Diseases caused by infectious organisms that have been transferred to humans from another animal host

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20
Q

What did phylogenetic analysis of immunodeficiency viruses show?

A

Humans acquired these viruses from two different hosts

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21
Q

Where was HIV-1 acquired from?

A

Chimpanzees

22
Q

Where was HIV-2 acquired from?

A

Mangabeys

23
Q

Where is the HIV-1 form of the virus more common and why?

A

Human populations in central Africa

Where chimpanzees are hunted for food

24
Q

Where is the HIV-2 form of the virus more common and why?

A

West Africa

Sooty mangabeys are hunted for food

25
Q

What does the distribution of HIV viruses infer about how HIV entered the human population?

A

Viruses entered human population through hunters who cut themselves while skinning chimpanzees/ sooty mangabeys

26
Q

What is the genus that swordtail fish belong in?

A

Xiphophorus

27
Q

What do male swordtails have that is associated with reproductive success?

A

Long, colorful extensions of the tail

28
Q

Male swordtails with long swords are more likely to mate successfully than males with short swords. This is an example of…

A

Sexual selection

29
Q

What is the sensory exploitation hypothesis?

A

Swords exploit a preexisting bias in the sensory system of the females

30
Q

What was used to identify the closest relatives of swordtails before the evolution of the sword?

A

A phylogeny

31
Q

What is the closest relative to swordtails?

A

platyfishes (another group of Xiphophorus)

32
Q

How was the sensory exploitation hypothesis tested?

A

Attaching artificial swordlike structures to some male platyfishes- females preferred this, supporting the hypothesis

33
Q

Why is a new flu vaccine needed every year?

A

Rate of evolution of the Influenza virus is so high that flu viruses that circulate each year are substantially different to previous years

34
Q

What is hemagglutinin?

A

A protein on the surface of influenza viruses that is recognized by the human immune system

35
Q

What does phylogenetic analysis of influenza strains indicate?

A
  • Strong selection by human immune system against most strains
  • Strains with greatest number of amino acid replacements on hemagglutinin are likely to survive
36
Q

How do biologists predict which of the currently circulating strains of Influenza virus are most likely to survive and leave descendants in the future?

A

By conducting phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin

37
Q

Who started the biological classification system and when?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

mid 1700s

38
Q

What is the name of system of biological classification created by Carolus Linnaeus?

A

Binomial nomenclature

39
Q

What is the advantage of binomial nomenclature?

A

Scientists can unambiguously refer to the same organisms by the same names

40
Q

Define genus.

A

A group of related, similar species recognised by taxonomists with a distinct name used in nomenclature

41
Q

In the Linnaean system, how are species and genera further grouped?

A

A hierarchical system of higher taxonomic catagories

42
Q

Name the taxonomic categories.

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
(kinky people can often find good sex)
43
Q

What is a limitation of the Linnaean system categorizing organisms?

A

Ranked levels of classification is subjective

Used largely for convenience

44
Q

What are biological classification systems used to express?

A

Relationships among organisms

45
Q

Define monophyletic.

A

The taxon contains an ancestor and all decedents of that ancestor, and no other organisms. (also known as a clade)

46
Q

What is a group that does not include the common ancestor referred to as?

A

polyphyletic group

47
Q

What is a group that does not include all the descendants of a common ancestor referred to as?

A

A paraphyletic group

48
Q

Why do some classifications still used today still include para and poly phyletic groups?

A

Some organisms have not been evaluated phylogenetically.

49
Q

When more than one name is proposed to name a species, what do the rules specify the name should be?

A

The name first proposed

50
Q

Why are there duplicated names in taxonomy?

A

Historical separation of zoology, botany and microbiology

51
Q

Give an example of duplicated names arising from historical separation of fields within biology.

A

Drosophilia is a genus of fruit flies and a genus of fungi

Ecology and diversity (17 decks)

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