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Ecology and diversity > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the life cycle of an animal encompass?

A

Its embryonic development, birth, growth to maturation, reproduction and death

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2
Q

What is the pattern of development called when newborns are similar to adults in many ways?

A

Direct development

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3
Q

What is a larva?

A

An immature life cycle that has a different form to an adult

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4
Q

What is the radical change that butterflies, beetles, bees, moths and flies undergo between larval and adult stages?

A

Metamorphosis

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5
Q

Give an example of larval and adult stages being specialized for feeding and the other for reproduction/

A 
Adults of most moth species do not eat
Butterfly larvae (caterpillars) eat leaves and flowers, adult butterflies eat nectar
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6
Q

Why do animals have different life cycles specialized for feeding and reproduction?

A

It increases the efficiency with which the animal performs a particular task

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7
Q

What do all life cycles have?

A

At least one dispersal stage

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8
Q

When do animals that are sessile as adults disperse?

A

As eggs or larvae- for example, sessile marine animals larva float freely in the plankton

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9
Q

What do animals that live on the sea floor, including polychaete worms and mollusks, have as a common larvae form?

A

A trochophore

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10
Q

What is the larval form of bilaterally symmetrical marine animals, including crustaceans?

A

Nauplius

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11
Q

When do animals that are motile as adults disperse>

A

When they are mature

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12
Q

Give an example of a motile animal dispersing after reaching maturity.

A

Caterpillar feeds on a single plant- after metamorphosis it may fly and lay eggs on far away plants

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13
Q

What is a trade-off of life cycles?

A

Characteristics of an animal in any one life cycle may improve its performance in one activity and reduce its performance in another

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14
Q

Where can major trade-offs be seen?

A

In animal reproduction

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15
Q

What are the trade-offs seen in animal reproduction?

A

Some animals produce large numbers of small eggs with small energy store,
The larger the energy store, the longer the offspring can develop before it must find its own food/be fed by parents.

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16
Q

What are the two types of young produced by bird species?

A

Altrical- eggs hatch when young and helpless, must be fed and cared for.
Precocial- incubated eggs for longer, hatchlings are able to forage immediately.

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17
Q

Give an example of precocial hatchlings

A

Canada Geese hatchlings- Branta canadensis

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18
Q

What do parasite life cycles do?

A

Evolve to facilitate dispersal and overcome host defenses

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19
Q

Why do parasites have to disperse?

A

To invade a new host

Because they die when their current host dies

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20
Q

What is the latin name of the broadfish tapeworm?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

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21
Q

Explain the complex life cycle of the broadfish tapeworm among hosts.

A

Free swimming first larval stage is ingested by first intermediate host, copepod
Tapeworm develops in second larval stage and is ingested by first a perch and then a larger fish, before being eaten by mammalian host

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22
Q

What is bilateria?

A

A large, monophyletic group embracing all animals other than sponges, ctenophores and cnidarians

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23
Q

What traits support monophyly of bilateria?

A

Bilateral symmetry, three cell layers, presence of at least 7 hox genes

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24
Q

What are the two major categories of bilateria?

A

Protostomes

Deuterostomes

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25
Q

What are all animals except sponges called?

A

Eumetazoans

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26
Q

What are the features of eumetazoans?

A

Body symmetry, a gut, a nervous system, special types of cell junctions, well-organized tissues in distinct layers

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27
Q

What are sponges?

A

Simplest animals

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28
Q

What are some characteristics of sponges?

A

Some specialized cells but no cell layers or true organs, no body symmetry

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29
Q

What are spicules?

A

Skeletal elements which may be simple, complex, small or large

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30
Q

What evidence suggest that there are three groups of sponges?

A

Recent ribosomal RNA evidence

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31
Q

What are the three major groups of sponges?

A

Glass sponges, demosponges, calcareous sponges

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32
Q

What do glass sponges and demosponges have?

A

Skeletons composed of silicaceous spicules made of hydrated silicon dioxide

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33
Q

What do calcareous sponges have?

A

Calcium carbonate skeletons

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34
Q

What is the body plan of sponges?

A

An aggregation of cells built around a water canal system

35
Q

How do sponges obtain food?

A

Water and food particles enter sponge by pores and pass into water canal
Choanocytes capture food particles.

36
Q

How are sponge bodies supported?

A

A skeleton of simple or branching spicules, and a complex network of elastic fibers

37
Q

How are sponge cells held together?

A

An extracellular matrix of collagen and adhesive glycoproteins and other molecules

38
Q

How do sponges reproduce?

A

Both sexually and asexually- most individuals produce both sperm and egg but do not self fertilize

39
Q

How do sponges asexually reproduce?

A

Budding and fragmentation

40
Q

What are ctenophores also known as?

A

Comb jellies

41
Q

What body plan do ctenophores have?

A

Radial symmetry, diploblastic, two cell layers

42
Q

What are the two cell layers of ctenophores separated by?

A

A thick, gelatinous mesoglea

43
Q

Why do ctenophores have low metabolic rates?

A

Because the mesoglea is an inert extracellular matrix

44
Q

What type of gut do ctenophores have?

A

A complete gut

45
Q

What are the 8 comb like rows of fused plates of cilia of ctenophores called?

A

ctenes

46
Q

How do ctenophores move?

A

By beating cilia rather than muscular contractions

47
Q

How do ctenophores feed?

A

Tentacles discharge adhesive material after capturing prey, tentacles retract and bring food to its mouth

48
Q

What do ctenophores eat and where are they common?

A

small planktonic organisms

Open seas

49
Q

What life cycle do ctenophores have?

A

Gametes are released into body cavity then discharged through mouth or anal pores, fertilization takes place in open sea, egg develops directly into miniature ctenophore.

50
Q

What branch is below ctenophores?

A

Cnidarians

51
Q

Name some common cnidarians.

A

Jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals, hydrozoans

52
Q

What is the mouth of cnidarians connected to?

A

The blind gut, called the gastrovascular cavity

53
Q

Why is the purpose of the gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians?

A

Digestion, circulation, gas exchange, hydrostatic skeleton

54
Q

What are the two stages of cnidarians?

A

Sessile polyp stage

Motile medusa stage

55
Q

What is the sessile polyp stage of cnidarians?

A

A cylindrical stalk is attached to the substratum

56
Q

How do polyps form colonies?

A

By reproducing asexually by budding

57
Q

What is the motile medusa stage of cnidarians?

A

Free-swimming shaped like a bell or umbrella, produces egg and sperm

58
Q

What do fertilized eggs of cnidarians do?

A

Develop into free-swimming ciliated larva called planula which settle at the bottom do develop into polyp

59
Q

How do cnidarians move?

A

Epithelial cells with muscle fibers whose contractions enable movement
Simple nerve nets integrate body activities

60
Q

What specialized molecules do cnidarians have?

A

Collagen, actin, myosin

61
Q

What type of feeder are cnidarians?

A

Predators

62
Q

How do cnidarians act as predators?

A

Toxins on their nematocysts capture large complex prey

63
Q

How do other cnidarians obtain additional nutrition?

A

Corals and anemones use photosynthetic protists that live in their tissues

64
Q

What are cnidarians largely made up of?

A

Inert mesoglea- low metabolic rates mean they can survive environments with few prey

65
Q

Where do cnidarians live?

A

All but a few in the ocean

66
Q

Name the three major clades of cnidarians.

A

Scyphozoans, anthozoans, hydrozoans

67
Q

Where do all scyphozoans live?

A

Marine

68
Q

Why are scyphozoans called jellyfish?

A

Mesoglea of their medusa is thick

69
Q

What life cycle dominates the scyphozoans?

A

Medusa

70
Q

What are some members of the anthozoans clade?

A

Sea anemones, sea pens, corals

71
Q

What are all sea anemones?

A

Solitary

72
Q

What are sea pens?

A

Colonial

73
Q

What do colonies of sea pens consist of?

A

Two kinds of polyps- primary and secondary

74
Q

What do primary polyps do in colonies of sea pens?

A

Lower portion anchors to bottom sediment, branched upper portion produces secondary polyps by budding

75
Q

What do secondary polyps do?

A

Some differentiate for feeding, others circulate water through the colony

76
Q

What are characteristics of corals?

A

Sessile and colonial

77
Q

How do most coral polyps form a hard skeleton?

A

By secreting a matrix of organic molecules on which they deposit calcium carbonate

78
Q

Where do corals flourish?

A

Clear, nutrient poor tropical waters

79
Q

Why does overabundance of nitrogen run off effect corals?

A

Gives an advantage to algae which smothers the corals

80
Q

What life cycles do hydrozoans have?

A

Diverse- polyp typically dominates, but some have only medusae, others only polyps.

81
Q

Are most hydrozoans solitary or colonial?

A

Colonial

82
Q

What is the structure of a colony of hydrozoans formed by a single planula larvae?

A

Polyps all interconnected with a continuous gastrovascular cavity

83
Q

What do some polyps in a colony of hydrozoans have?

A

Tentacles with many nematocysts to capture prey for the colony

84
Q

What do some polyps in a colony of hydrozoans do if they are not capturing food?

A

Some are specialized for medusa production

Some are finger like and defend the colony with nematocysts

Ecology and diversity (17 decks)

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