Lecture 14- Deuterostomes II Flashcards
1
Q
What is the name of the group of animals whose ancestor evolved jointed limbs?
A
Sarcopterygians
2
Q
What animals are included in sarcopterygians?
A
Coelacanths, lungfishes and terapods
3
Q
What proved that coelacanths are not extinct?
A
One was caught off of the coast of South Africa in 1938
4
Q
What is the name of the species of coelacanth discovered in 1938?
A
Latimeria chalumnae
5
Q
What is the name of the second species of coelacanth discovered in 1998 of an Indonesian island
A
Latimeria menadoensis
6
Q
Why is a cartilaginous skeleton in the coelacanth clade derived?
A
Because their ancestors were bony.
7
Q
Where do the remaining species of lungfish exist?
A
Swamps and muddy waters in South America, Africa and Australia
8
Q
Where did lungfish derive their lungs from?
A
Lung-like sacs of their ancestors as well as gills
9
Q
What happens to lungfish when their ponds dry up?
A
They can burrow deep into the mud and survive in an inactive state whilst breathing air
10
Q
How did some early aquatic sarcopterygians evolve into ancestral tetrapods?
A
They began to use terrestrial food sources and became more adapted to life on land
11
Q
Why are most amphibians confined to moist environments?
A
Because they lose water rapidly through their skin
Eggs are enclosed in delicate membranous envelopes that cannot prevent water loss
12
Q
How are amphibian eggs laid in water usually fertilized?
A
Externally to their body
13
Q
Where has a diverse mode of reproductive and parental care especially developed?
A
Tropical and subtropical areas
14
Q
What are the 3 major groups of amphibians?
A
Caecilians, anurans, salamanders
15
Q
What are ceacilians?
A
Worm like limbless tropical burrowing or aquatic amphibians
16
Q
What are anurans?
A
Tailess frogs and toads
17
Q
What adaptations do some anurans have to their skin?
A
Tough skins to live in dry deserts
18
Q
What do all anurans have?
A
Very short vertebral columns which a strongly modified pelvic region for leaping, hopping or propelling forwards
19
Q
Where are salamanders most diverse?
A
Temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, also found in cool moist mountains in Central America
20
Q
On what do salamanders live?
A
Rotting logs or moist soil
21
Q
What do amphibians use for gas exchange in addition to their lungs?
A
Skin and mouth lining- one species has lost their lungs
22
Q
What name is given to retention of the juvenile state?
A
Paedomorphosis
23
Q
What has paedomorphosis allowed in salamanders?
A
Evolution of a completely aquatic lifestyle several times
24
Q
What type of fertilization do most species of salamanders have?
A
Internal- achieved through transfer of small jelly like capsule with sperm embedded in its surface
25
What name is given to the small jelly like capsule with sperm embedded in its surface used by salamanders for fertilization?
Spermatophore
26
What are some complex social behaviors of anurans?
Males utter loud species-specific calls to attract females and to defend breeding territory
27
What name is given to the way a few species of frogs, salamanders and caecilians give birth to well-developed young?
Viviparous
28
Why are amphibians the focus of much attention today?
Species are declining rapidly in mountainous regions of Western North America, south and central america and australia
29
Why are frog species declining?
Habitat alteration by humans, hole in ozone layer, pollution, pesticides and herbicides, pathogenic chytrid fungus
30
What name is given to animals that evolved water conserving traits?
Amniotes
31
What is an amniote egg?
A relatively impermeable to water egg which allows the embryo to develop in a contained aqueous environment
32
What does the leathery or brittle, calcium-impregnated shell allow and not allow?
Allows passage of gas
| Does not allow evaporation of fluids inside
33
Where do amniote eggs store large quantities of food?
In the yolk
34
What else is found inside an amniotic egg?
Extraembryonic membranes
35
What do extraembryonic membranes do?
Protect the embryo from desiccation and assists in gas exchange and excretion of nitrogen waste
36
What did modifications of the amniote egg allow?
The embryo to grow inside and receive nutrition from the mother
37
What other adaptations made amniotes able to colonize dry land?
Tough impermeable skin reduced water loss
| Kidneys allowed excretion of concentrated waste nitrogen
38
What two major groups did the amniotes split into during the carboniferous?
Mammals and reptiles
39
What name is given to the group of reptiles that has changed very little over the last intervening millenia since amniotes diverged?
Turtles
40
What is the body structure of turtles?
Dorsal (extension of ribs) and ventral bony plates form a shell
41
Where do most turtles live?
Aquatic environments,
| tortioises and box turtles are terrestrial
42
What has human exploitation of sea turtles done?
Resulted in their decline, all species of sea turtle are now endangered
43
What do turtles eat?
Some are strict herbivores/carnivores
| Most are omnivores
44
What is the second most species rich clade of living reptiles?
Lepidosaurs
45
What two groups make up the lepidosaurs?
Squamates (lizards, snakes etc.) tuatares
46
How are tuatares different from lizards?
Tooth attachment
| Several internal and anatomical features
47
What is the skin of a lepidosaur like?
Covered with horny scales that reduce water loss but stop gas exchange
48
How do lepidosaurs carry out gas exchange?
Lungs by bellow-like movement of ribs
49
What is the heart of lepidosaurs like?
Divided into chambers that partially separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
50
What does the separation of lepidosaur blood inside their heart do?
Allows them generate high blood pressure and sustain high metabolism
51
What do lizards eat?
Insectivores, some are herbivores, some eat other vertebrates
52
What is the largest lizard?
predaceous Komodo dragon in the east indies
53
How many limbs do lizards walk on?
Most have 4
| Limblessness has evolved several times in burrowing and grassland species
54
What is a major group of limbless squamates?
Snakes- all carnivores, some have venom glands
55
What is the remaining reptilian group (not turtles, lepidosaurs)
Archosaurs
56
When did the dinosaurs become extinct?
The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary
57
What groups make up modern crocodilians?
Crocodiles, caimans, gharials and alligators
58
Where do crocodilians live?
Tropical and warm temperate climates
59
Where do crocodilians spend their time and built their nests?
In water
| On land or floating piles of vegetation
60
What do crocodilians eat?
All are carnivorous
| Eat vertebrates including large mammals
61
What did birds emerge from?
Theropods- a group of predatory dinosaurs
62
What features did theropods have?
```
Bipedal stance
Hollow bones
furcula (wishbone)
Elongated metatarsals with 3 fingered feet
Pelvis that points backwards
```
63
What two major groups do living bird species fall into?
Palaeognaths
| Neognaths
64
What are paleaognaths?
Secondarily flightless and weakly flying birds
65
Name some paleaognaths.
South and central american tinamous, rhea,emu, kiwi, casowary, ostrich
66
What evidence shows that feathers are highly modified scales of small predatory dinosaurs?
Fossil dinosaurs discovered in Liaoning province in North eastern china
67
What is the oldest known avian fossil?
Archaepteryx
68
What did archaepteryx have?
Teeth and feathers, long wings, tail and furcula
69
What was the evolution of feathers a major force in?
Diversification
70
What do the large quills that support wing feathers arise from?
The skin of the forearms
71
What were the bones of theropods like?
Hollow with internal struts to increase strength
72
What did the sternum do in theropods?
Forms a large, vertical keel to which flight muscles are attached
73
What adaptation allows birds to control temperature?
Holding feathers close to or elevated from body
74
What adaptation allows birds to exchange gas?
Unidirectional flow of air
75
What happened to teeth prominent in dinosaurs in birds?
They were secondarily lost
76
What happened to mammals after the mass extinction of dinosaurs at the end of the mesozoic era?
Mammals increased in number and size
77
What does the difference in the number, type and arrangement of teeth in mammals reflect?
Their varied diet
78
What 4 key features distinguish mammals?
- Sweat glands
- Mammary glands
- Hair
- 4 chambered heart
79
What is the 4 chambered heart of mammals convergent with?
Archosaurs, including modern birds and crocodiles
80
In what mammals has hair been greatly replaced with insulating blubber?
Cetaceans (whales and dolphins)
81
What are the two major groups of mammals?
prototherians
| therians
82
Where are the only three species of prototherians found?
Australia, New Guinea
83
What are the three species of prototherians?
Duck billed platypus
| Two species of echidnas
84
How do prototherians differ from therians?
They lack a placenta, lay eggs and have sprawling legs
| Do not have nipples of mammary glands, milk oozes out and is lapped off the fur by offspring
85
What are the two major groups of the therian clade?
Marsupials and eutherians
86
What do females of most marsupials have?
A ventral pouch to carry and feed offspring
87
What did marsupials radiate to eat?
They became herbivores, insectivores and carnivores, but none live in the ocean
88
What can some arboreal marsupials do?
Glide
89
What are eutherians?
More developed at birth, no external pouches to house young, they have placentas.
90
What is the largest group of eutherian?
Rodents
91
What defines rodents?
Unique morphology of their teeth
92
What are the next largest species of eutherians?
Bats, then moles and shrews
93
What behaviors by some eutherian groups helped to transform the terrestrial lineages?
Grazing and browsing favored evolution of spines, tough leaves and difficult to eat growths
94
What groups of species evolved as a result of social hunting behavior?
Canid, felid, primate lineages
95
Can small or large animals survive on food of lower quality?
larger- hence large sizes evolved in grazing and browsing animals
96
What ancestors did cetaceans evolve from?
Artiodactly ancestors
97
What was the common ancestor of primates?
A small, arboreal, insectivorous mammal
98
What traits distinguish primates from other mammals?
Opposable digits and grasping limbs
99
What are the two main clades of primates?
Prosimians and anthropoids
100
What animals make up prosimians?
Lemurs, lorises
101
Where do prosimians live?
Africa, madagascar and tropical asia
102
What species make up the anthropoids?
```
Tarsiers
new world monkeys
Old world monkeys
Gibbons
Orangutans
African apes and humans
```
103
What are all new world monkeys?
Arboreal, many with long, prehensile tails
104
Where do old world monkeys live?
Many are arboreal
| Some are terrestrial
105
When did the lineage split leading to hominid clade and chimpanzees occur?
6 million years ago
106
What were the earliest protohominids known as?
Ardipithecines
107
What did ardipithecines have?
Distinct morphological adaptation for bipedal locomotion
108
What is the advantage of bipedal locomotion?
Frees forelimbs to manipulate/carry objects
Elevates eyes to spot predators/prey
Energetically more economical
109
What group decended from ardipithecines?
Australopithecine
110
What two austalopithicines lives in eastern Africa 4-5 million years ago?
Paranthropus (2 different species) and A.afarensis
111
What group gave rise to the genus Homo?
A.afarensis
112
Which group gaverise to Homo habilis?
A.garhi
113
What two groups did Homo habilis give rise to?
H.erectus and H.ergaster which gave rise to H.sapiens
114
What happened to brain size and jaw size in the lineage leading to Homo Sapiens?
Brain size increased
| jaw size decreased
115
What favored increasing brain size in H.sapiens and ancestors?
Increasingly complex social life to increase communication
116
What does the simultaneous change of brain and jaw size suggest?
That they are functionally correlated.
117
When did several Homo species exist?
During the mid-Pleistocene epoch
118
What were all of the Homo species that existed during the mid-Pleistocene epoch?
Skilled hunters of large mammals
| Concept of life after death arose
119
When were species of Homo neanderthalensis widespread and where?
Europe
| 75,000 and 30,000 years ago
120
What name was given to the Homo Sapiens that overlapped briefly with the H.neandethalensis?
Cro-Magnons
| they probably exterminated the H.neanderthalensis
121
How is human language different to other animal vocalizations?
Richer in symbolic character
122
How was food obtained in human societies?
Pastoralism (herding large animals)
| Agriculture
