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Ecology and diversity > Lecture 14- Deuterostomes II > Flashcards

Lecture 14- Deuterostomes II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the group of animals whose ancestor evolved jointed limbs?

A

Sarcopterygians

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2
Q

What animals are included in sarcopterygians?

A

Coelacanths, lungfishes and terapods

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3
Q

What proved that coelacanths are not extinct?

A

One was caught off of the coast of South Africa in 1938

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4
Q

What is the name of the species of coelacanth discovered in 1938?

A

Latimeria chalumnae

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5
Q

What is the name of the second species of coelacanth discovered in 1998 of an Indonesian island

A

Latimeria menadoensis

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6
Q

Why is a cartilaginous skeleton in the coelacanth clade derived?

A

Because their ancestors were bony.

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7
Q

Where do the remaining species of lungfish exist?

A

Swamps and muddy waters in South America, Africa and Australia

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8
Q

Where did lungfish derive their lungs from?

A

Lung-like sacs of their ancestors as well as gills

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9
Q

What happens to lungfish when their ponds dry up?

A

They can burrow deep into the mud and survive in an inactive state whilst breathing air

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10
Q

How did some early aquatic sarcopterygians evolve into ancestral tetrapods?

A

They began to use terrestrial food sources and became more adapted to life on land

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11
Q

Why are most amphibians confined to moist environments?

A

Because they lose water rapidly through their skin

Eggs are enclosed in delicate membranous envelopes that cannot prevent water loss

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12
Q

How are amphibian eggs laid in water usually fertilized?

A

Externally to their body

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13
Q

Where has a diverse mode of reproductive and parental care especially developed?

A

Tropical and subtropical areas

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14
Q

What are the 3 major groups of amphibians?

A

Caecilians, anurans, salamanders

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15
Q

What are ceacilians?

A

Worm like limbless tropical burrowing or aquatic amphibians

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16
Q

What are anurans?

A

Tailess frogs and toads

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17
Q

What adaptations do some anurans have to their skin?

A

Tough skins to live in dry deserts

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18
Q

What do all anurans have?

A

Very short vertebral columns which a strongly modified pelvic region for leaping, hopping or propelling forwards

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19
Q

Where are salamanders most diverse?

A

Temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, also found in cool moist mountains in Central America

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20
Q

On what do salamanders live?

A

Rotting logs or moist soil

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21
Q

What do amphibians use for gas exchange in addition to their lungs?

A

Skin and mouth lining- one species has lost their lungs

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22
Q

What name is given to retention of the juvenile state?

A

Paedomorphosis

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23
Q

What has paedomorphosis allowed in salamanders?

A

Evolution of a completely aquatic lifestyle several times

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24
Q

What type of fertilization do most species of salamanders have?

A

Internal- achieved through transfer of small jelly like capsule with sperm embedded in its surface

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25
Q

What name is given to the small jelly like capsule with sperm embedded in its surface used by salamanders for fertilization?

A

Spermatophore

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26
Q

What are some complex social behaviors of anurans?

A

Males utter loud species-specific calls to attract females and to defend breeding territory

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27
Q

What name is given to the way a few species of frogs, salamanders and caecilians give birth to well-developed young?

A

Viviparous

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28
Q

Why are amphibians the focus of much attention today?

A

Species are declining rapidly in mountainous regions of Western North America, south and central america and australia

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29
Q

Why are frog species declining?

A

Habitat alteration by humans, hole in ozone layer, pollution, pesticides and herbicides, pathogenic chytrid fungus

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30
Q

What name is given to animals that evolved water conserving traits?

A

Amniotes

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31
Q

What is an amniote egg?

A

A relatively impermeable to water egg which allows the embryo to develop in a contained aqueous environment

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32
Q

What does the leathery or brittle, calcium-impregnated shell allow and not allow?

A

Allows passage of gas

Does not allow evaporation of fluids inside

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33
Q

Where do amniote eggs store large quantities of food?

A

In the yolk

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34
Q

What else is found inside an amniotic egg?

A

Extraembryonic membranes

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35
Q

What do extraembryonic membranes do?

A

Protect the embryo from desiccation and assists in gas exchange and excretion of nitrogen waste

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36
Q

What did modifications of the amniote egg allow?

A

The embryo to grow inside and receive nutrition from the mother

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37
Q

What other adaptations made amniotes able to colonize dry land?

A

Tough impermeable skin reduced water loss

Kidneys allowed excretion of concentrated waste nitrogen

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38
Q

What two major groups did the amniotes split into during the carboniferous?

A

Mammals and reptiles

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39
Q

What name is given to the group of reptiles that has changed very little over the last intervening millenia since amniotes diverged?

A

Turtles

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40
Q

What is the body structure of turtles?

A

Dorsal (extension of ribs) and ventral bony plates form a shell

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41
Q

Where do most turtles live?

A

Aquatic environments,

tortioises and box turtles are terrestrial

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42
Q

What has human exploitation of sea turtles done?

A

Resulted in their decline, all species of sea turtle are now endangered

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43
Q

What do turtles eat?

A

Some are strict herbivores/carnivores

Most are omnivores

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44
Q

What is the second most species rich clade of living reptiles?

A

Lepidosaurs

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45
Q

What two groups make up the lepidosaurs?

A

Squamates (lizards, snakes etc.) tuatares

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46
Q

How are tuatares different from lizards?

A

Tooth attachment

Several internal and anatomical features

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47
Q

What is the skin of a lepidosaur like?

A

Covered with horny scales that reduce water loss but stop gas exchange

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48
Q

How do lepidosaurs carry out gas exchange?

A

Lungs by bellow-like movement of ribs

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49
Q

What is the heart of lepidosaurs like?

A

Divided into chambers that partially separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

50
Q

What does the separation of lepidosaur blood inside their heart do?

A

Allows them generate high blood pressure and sustain high metabolism

51
Q

What do lizards eat?

A

Insectivores, some are herbivores, some eat other vertebrates

52
Q

What is the largest lizard?

A

predaceous Komodo dragon in the east indies

53
Q

How many limbs do lizards walk on?

A

Most have 4

Limblessness has evolved several times in burrowing and grassland species

54
Q

What is a major group of limbless squamates?

A

Snakes- all carnivores, some have venom glands

55
Q

What is the remaining reptilian group (not turtles, lepidosaurs)

A

Archosaurs

56
Q

When did the dinosaurs become extinct?

A

The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary

57
Q

What groups make up modern crocodilians?

A

Crocodiles, caimans, gharials and alligators

58
Q

Where do crocodilians live?

A

Tropical and warm temperate climates

59
Q

Where do crocodilians spend their time and built their nests?

A

In water

On land or floating piles of vegetation

60
Q

What do crocodilians eat?

A

All are carnivorous

Eat vertebrates including large mammals

61
Q

What did birds emerge from?

A

Theropods- a group of predatory dinosaurs

62
Q

What features did theropods have?

A 
Bipedal stance
Hollow bones
furcula (wishbone)
Elongated metatarsals with 3 fingered feet
Pelvis that points backwards
63
Q

What two major groups do living bird species fall into?

A

Palaeognaths

Neognaths

64
Q

What are paleaognaths?

A

Secondarily flightless and weakly flying birds

65
Q

Name some paleaognaths.

A

South and central american tinamous, rhea,emu, kiwi, casowary, ostrich

66
Q

What evidence shows that feathers are highly modified scales of small predatory dinosaurs?

A

Fossil dinosaurs discovered in Liaoning province in North eastern china

67
Q

What is the oldest known avian fossil?

A

Archaepteryx

68
Q

What did archaepteryx have?

A

Teeth and feathers, long wings, tail and furcula

69
Q

What was the evolution of feathers a major force in?

A

Diversification

70
Q

What do the large quills that support wing feathers arise from?

A

The skin of the forearms

71
Q

What were the bones of theropods like?

A

Hollow with internal struts to increase strength

72
Q

What did the sternum do in theropods?

A

Forms a large, vertical keel to which flight muscles are attached

73
Q

What adaptation allows birds to control temperature?

A

Holding feathers close to or elevated from body

74
Q

What adaptation allows birds to exchange gas?

A

Unidirectional flow of air

75
Q

What happened to teeth prominent in dinosaurs in birds?

A

They were secondarily lost

76
Q

What happened to mammals after the mass extinction of dinosaurs at the end of the mesozoic era?

A

Mammals increased in number and size

77
Q

What does the difference in the number, type and arrangement of teeth in mammals reflect?

A

Their varied diet

78
Q

What 4 key features distinguish mammals?

A
  • Sweat glands
  • Mammary glands
  • Hair
  • 4 chambered heart
79
Q

What is the 4 chambered heart of mammals convergent with?

A

Archosaurs, including modern birds and crocodiles

80
Q

In what mammals has hair been greatly replaced with insulating blubber?

A

Cetaceans (whales and dolphins)

81
Q

What are the two major groups of mammals?

A

prototherians

therians

82
Q

Where are the only three species of prototherians found?

A

Australia, New Guinea

83
Q

What are the three species of prototherians?

A

Duck billed platypus

Two species of echidnas

84
Q

How do prototherians differ from therians?

A

They lack a placenta, lay eggs and have sprawling legs

Do not have nipples of mammary glands, milk oozes out and is lapped off the fur by offspring

85
Q

What are the two major groups of the therian clade?

A

Marsupials and eutherians

86
Q

What do females of most marsupials have?

A

A ventral pouch to carry and feed offspring

87
Q

What did marsupials radiate to eat?

A

They became herbivores, insectivores and carnivores, but none live in the ocean

88
Q

What can some arboreal marsupials do?

A

Glide

89
Q

What are eutherians?

A

More developed at birth, no external pouches to house young, they have placentas.

90
Q

What is the largest group of eutherian?

A

Rodents

91
Q

What defines rodents?

A

Unique morphology of their teeth

92
Q

What are the next largest species of eutherians?

A

Bats, then moles and shrews

93
Q

What behaviors by some eutherian groups helped to transform the terrestrial lineages?

A

Grazing and browsing favored evolution of spines, tough leaves and difficult to eat growths

94
Q

What groups of species evolved as a result of social hunting behavior?

A

Canid, felid, primate lineages

95
Q

Can small or large animals survive on food of lower quality?

A

larger- hence large sizes evolved in grazing and browsing animals

96
Q

What ancestors did cetaceans evolve from?

A

Artiodactly ancestors

97
Q

What was the common ancestor of primates?

A

A small, arboreal, insectivorous mammal

98
Q

What traits distinguish primates from other mammals?

A

Opposable digits and grasping limbs

99
Q

What are the two main clades of primates?

A

Prosimians and anthropoids

100
Q

What animals make up prosimians?

A

Lemurs, lorises

101
Q

Where do prosimians live?

A

Africa, madagascar and tropical asia

102
Q

What species make up the anthropoids?

A 
Tarsiers
new world monkeys
Old world monkeys
Gibbons
Orangutans
African apes and humans
103
Q

What are all new world monkeys?

A

Arboreal, many with long, prehensile tails

104
Q

Where do old world monkeys live?

A

Many are arboreal

Some are terrestrial

105
Q

When did the lineage split leading to hominid clade and chimpanzees occur?

A

6 million years ago

106
Q

What were the earliest protohominids known as?

A

Ardipithecines

107
Q

What did ardipithecines have?

A

Distinct morphological adaptation for bipedal locomotion

108
Q

What is the advantage of bipedal locomotion?

A

Frees forelimbs to manipulate/carry objects
Elevates eyes to spot predators/prey
Energetically more economical

109
Q

What group decended from ardipithecines?

A

Australopithecine

110
Q

What two austalopithicines lives in eastern Africa 4-5 million years ago?

A

Paranthropus (2 different species) and A.afarensis

111
Q

What group gave rise to the genus Homo?

A

A.afarensis

112
Q

Which group gaverise to Homo habilis?

A

A.garhi

113
Q

What two groups did Homo habilis give rise to?

A

H.erectus and H.ergaster which gave rise to H.sapiens

114
Q

What happened to brain size and jaw size in the lineage leading to Homo Sapiens?

A

Brain size increased

jaw size decreased

115
Q

What favored increasing brain size in H.sapiens and ancestors?

A

Increasingly complex social life to increase communication

116
Q

What does the simultaneous change of brain and jaw size suggest?

A

That they are functionally correlated.

117
Q

When did several Homo species exist?

A

During the mid-Pleistocene epoch

118
Q

What were all of the Homo species that existed during the mid-Pleistocene epoch?

A

Skilled hunters of large mammals

Concept of life after death arose

119
Q

When were species of Homo neanderthalensis widespread and where?

A

Europe

75,000 and 30,000 years ago

120
Q

What name was given to the Homo Sapiens that overlapped briefly with the H.neandethalensis?

A

Cro-Magnons

they probably exterminated the H.neanderthalensis

121
Q

How is human language different to other animal vocalizations?

A

Richer in symbolic character

122
Q

How was food obtained in human societies?

A

Pastoralism (herding large animals)

Agriculture

Ecology and diversity (17 decks)

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