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Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What three groups of ecdysozoans are worm like marine animals?

A

Priapulids
Kinorhynchs
Loriciferans

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2
Q

What are priapulids?

A

Unsegmented, three part body plan, burrow in soft sediment marine animals

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3
Q

What do priapulids eat?

A

Soft body invertebrates such as polycheates

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4
Q

How do priapulids eat?

A

Capture prey with a toothed, muscular parynx that is everted through their mouth

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5
Q

What are kinorhynchs?

A

Microscopic marine animals that live in marine sands and muds

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6
Q

How many segments are kinorhynchs bodies divided into?

A

13- each with a separate cuticular plate

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7
Q

What happens to the cuticular plates of each segment of kinorhynchs as they grow?

A

They are periodically molted

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8
Q

How do kinorhynchs feed?

A

Ingesting sediment through their retractable proboscis, digesting organic matter

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9
Q

What are loriciferans?

A

Small animals less than 1mm

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10
Q

What is the structure of loriciferans bodies?

A

Divided into head, neck, thorax, abdomen, covered in 6 plates

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11
Q

Where do loriciferans live?

A

Course marine sediments

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12
Q

What do loriciferans eat?

A

Not much is known, but some eat bacteria.

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13
Q

What are horsehair worms?

A

Very thin, upto 2m long, freshwater worms

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14
Q

What are horsehair worm larvae?

A

Internal parasites of insects and crayfish

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15
Q

How do horsehair worms feed?

A

Many feed only as larvae
Others grow and moult by absorbing nutrients from the environment
Adult has no mouth and reduced nonfunctional gut

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16
Q

What gives the unsegmented body of nematodes its shape?

A

A thick, multilayerd cuticle

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17
Q

How many times does a nematode shed its cuticle?

A

4 times

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18
Q

How do nematodes exchange oxygen and nutrients with their environment?

A

Through their cuticle and the gut

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19
Q

How are materials moved through the gut of nematodes?

A

Rhythmic contraction of a highly muscular organ called the pharynx at the anterior end

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20
Q

How do nematodes move?

A

By contracting their longitudinal muscles

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21
Q

What soil inhabiting nematode is used as a model organism in labs?

A

Caenorhabitis elegans

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22
Q

Why is Caneorhabitis elegans used as a model organism?

A

Because it is easy to cultivate, matures quickly and has a fixed number of body cells, its genome has been mapped.

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23
Q

What do nematodes eat?

A

Many are predators- feed on protists and other small animals such as roundworms

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24
Q

What diseases do nematodes cause in humans?

A

Trichinosis, filariasis, elephantiasis

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25
What do arthropods all have?
Limb like appendages
26
What are some features of arthropods that made them successful?
Segmented bodies Muscles attached to the inside of rigid exoskeletons Segments have muscles and jointed appendages
27
What do jointed appendages do?
Permit complex movement | Specialized for different functions
28
What does encasement within an exoskeleton do?
Provide the animal with support for walking, protection from predators.
29
How do arthropods not dry out in dry air?
Chitin provides waterproofing
30
What are 4 major arthropod groups?
Crustaeceans, hexapods, myriapods, chelicerates
31
Arthropods constitute a ________ group
Monophyletic
32
What group was debated to be more closely related to annelids or arthropods?
Onychophorans (velvet worms) | More close to arthropods
33
Where do onychophorans live?
Leaf litter in humid, tropical environments
34
What bodies to onychophorans have?
Soft, segmented, covered in thin flexible cuticle containing chitin
35
What are water bears called?
Tardigrades
36
What bodies to tardigrades have?
Fleshy, unjointed legs | Fluid filled body cavities are hydrostatic skeletons
37
Where do tardigrades live?
Marine sands | Temporary water films on plants
38
Where did jointed legs first appear?
Trilobites- disappeared in the great permian extinction
39
What are the dominant marine arthropods today?
Crustaeceans
40
Name some crustaceans.
Shrimps, lobsters, crayfishes, crabs (decapods) Sow bugs (isopods) Copepods
41
What are some unusual crustaceans that are sessile as adults?
Barnacles
42
What are the 3 main regions of a crustaceans body?
Head thorax abdomen
43
How many appendages do crustaceans head bear?
5 pairs
44
What is the name of a fold of exoskeleton in some crustacean species that extends dorsally and laterally back from the head to cover and protect some segments?
The carapace
45
What happens to ferilized eggs of crustaceans?
They are attached to the outside of the females body during early development
46
What name is given to crustacean larvae?
Nauplius
47
How many eyes and appendages do crustacean larvae have?
One eye | 3 pairs of appendages
48
What are insects?
6 legged hexapods
49
What regions of body do insects have?
Head, thorax, abdomen
50
What are some features of insects?
Gas exchange system made from trachea and spiracles Single pair of antennae on the head Three pairs of legs attached to thorax
51
How are insects different to other arthropods?
They have no appendages from their abdominal segments
52
Who decided there are more insects?
Terry Erwin
53
What did terry erwin do?
Sample beetles in the canopies of a single rainforest tree, Lueha seemanni
54
What are wingless relatives of insects called?
Springtails, two-pronged bristletails and proturans
55
How can insects be distinguished from other hexapods?
External mouthparts and paired antennae that contain a sensory receptor
56
What name is given to the sensory receptor in the antennae of insects?
Johnston's organ
57
What name is given to immature stages between moults of pterygote insects?
instars
58
What type of metamorphosis do butterflies have?
Complete metamorphosis
59
What is another type of metamorphosis?
incomplete metamorphosis- where changes are gradual
60
What name is given to the specialized phase in which a caterpillar transforms to a butterfly?
pupa
61
What insects were the first animals to achieve the ability to fly?
Pterygote insects
62
How did flight cause the unparalleled evolutionary success of insects?
New lifestyles opened up, feeding opportunities only insects could exploit
63
What wings do most adult flying insects have?
2 pairs of stiff, membranous wings attatched to the thorax
64
What wings do true flies have?
Just one pair
65
What wings to beetles have?
Forewings are heavy, hardened wing covers
66
What two groups of pterygote insects cannot fold their wings back against their bodies?
Mayflies Dragonflies This is the ancestral condition
67
What name is given to all other pterygote insects that can fold their wings against their bodies?
Neopterans
68
How do many neopteran groups acquire adult organ systems such as wings and compound eyes?
Gradually, through several juvenile instars
69
What is a new major group of neopterans?
Mantophasmatodeans- described in 2002
70
What subgroup of neopterans has complete metamorphosis?
Holometabolus neopterans
71
How does the time at which insects separated from the lineage leading to current crustaceans lead to their success?
hexapods penetrated an environment that lacked other similar organisms
72
What evidence suggests that insect wings evolved from a dorsal branch of a crustacean-like limb?
Homologous genes control development of insect wings and crustacean appendages
73
What two body regions do myriapods have?
A head and a trunk
74
What do centipedes and millipedes have?
head | long, segmented flexible trunk with many pairs of legs
75
How many pairs of legs to centipedes have per segment?
one pair
76
What do centipedes eat?
Prey on insects and other small animals
77
How many pairs of legs do millipedes have per body segment?
2 pairs
78
What do millipedes eat?
They scavange and eat plants
79
How many pairs of legs do chelicerates have?
4 pairs
80
What are the three clades of chelicerates?
Pycnogonoids Horseshoe crabs Arachnids
81
What are pycnogonoids?
Sea spiders, some eat algae, most are carnivorous
82
How many living species of horseshoe crab are there?
4
83
Where are horseshoe crabs common?
Shallow waters along eastern coasts of North America and southern and eastern coasts of Asia
84
What disease are mites vectors for?
Rye mosaic disease- cause mange in domestic animals and skin irritation in humans
85
What 6 factors effected diversity of protostome evolution?
``` Segmentation Complex life cycles Parasitism Diverse feeding structures Predation locomotion ```

Ecology and diversity (17 decks)

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