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BS129: Physiology, Neurobiology and Metabolism > Lecture 8. Metabolic Pathways and Glycolysis > Flashcards

Lecture 8. Metabolic Pathways and Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

A series of reactions starting with glucose and ending with pyruvate resulting in a small gain of ATP (2 molecules ATP for each glucose molecule)

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2
Q

What happens during the dialysis of yeast extract?

A

Dialysis is a fractionation method: Yeast lysate in bag (cellophane) stir in buffer for several hours
Dialysed yeast extract is inactive, activity restored by adding dialysate

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3
Q

What is zymase?

A

Large molecules (non-dialysable) inactivated by heat (proteins)

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4
Q

What is co-zymase?

A

Small molecules (dialysable) heat stable (substrates are coenzymes)

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5
Q

What does glycolysis require?

A

Phosphate and NAD⁺

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6
Q

Glycolysis equation

A

Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi+ 2 NAD⁺→ 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2H⁺+ 2H₂O

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7
Q

Advantages of studying metabolic reactions in vitro

A

Study a purified enzyme in isolation
Completely defined (and readily modifiable) conditions
Direct, quantitative results

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8
Q

Disadvantages of studying metabolic reactions in vitro

A

Loss of compartmentation, spatial and temporal organisation; dilution
Instability or degradation of key components (e.g. lack of ATP consumption in H&Y extracts prevented Pi release, limiting glycolysis)

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9
Q

What is required to test metabolic reaction in vivo?

A

Measuring with assays and indicators or labelled compounds
Modifying with inhibitors (pharmacological) or mutations (genetic)

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10
Q

Advantages of studying metabolic reactions in vivo

A

In cells

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11
Q

Disadvantages of studying metabolic reactions in vivo

A

Can be hard to get quantitive data
Many variables so careful interpretation

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12
Q

What is the main difference between respiration and combustion?

A

Respiration involves a multistep energy conserving pathway, whilst all the energy from combustion is released at once

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13
Q

What are control points

A

Key steps in a metabolic pathway that are irreversible (strongly negative ΔG)

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14
Q

What is the key cofactor that carries energy in energy metabolism?

A

ATP

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15
Q

What are the key cofactors that carries electrons for oxidation of fuels in energy metabolism?

A

NAD⁺ and FAD

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16
Q

What is the key cofactor that carries electrons for reductive biosynthesis in energy metabolism?

A

NADPH

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17
Q

What is the key cofactor that carries 2-carbon groups in energy metabolism

A

CoA

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18
Q

What is NAD⁺?

A

Nicotineamide Adenine Dinucleotide

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19
Q

What is NAD⁺ derived from?

A

Niacin / Vitamin B₃

20
Q

What is FAD?

A

Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide

21
Q

Wat is FAD derived from?

A

Riboflavin / Vitamin B₂

22
Q

How many stages of catabolism are there?

A

3

23
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Building molecules

24
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breaking molecules

25
Q

What is stage I of catabolism?

A

Large to smaller molecules not useful for energy production

26
Q

What is stage II of catabolism?

A

Many products of stage I to Acetyl-CoA
Small amount of ATP produced

27
Q

What is stage III of catabolism?

A

Acetyl group of Acetyl-CoA to CO₂
Majority of ATP produced

28
Q

What controls catabolic pathways?

A

Energy

29
Q

Are anabolic pathways simply a reversal of catabolic pathways?

A

No

30
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic - evolved before atmosphere contained significant O₂

31
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol

32
Q

How many steps are there in glycolysis?

A

10

33
Q

What is stage 1 of glycolysis also known as?

A

The investment stage

34
Q

What happens in stage 1 of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP used
Phosphorylation keeps intermediates in the cell

35
Q

What is stage 2 of glycolysis also known as?

A

The payout stage

36
Q

What happens in stage 2 of glycolysis?

A

Oxidation
4 ATP produced
2 NADH produced
Requires NAD⁺ and Pi

37
Q

What is the net gain of ATP per glucose

A

2

38
Q

What happens when the cofactors run out in glycolysis?

A

Glycolysis stops

39
Q

What is needed for the oxidation of G-3-P?

A

NAD⁺

40
Q

How is NAD⁺ regenerated?

A

NADH transfers electrons to O₂, forming H₂O and regenerates NAD⁺

41
Q

What is the fermentation product in animals?

A

Lactate

42
Q

What is the fermentation product in plants and yeast?

A

Ethanol

43
Q

What is glycolysis central to?

A

Glycolysis is central to carbohydrate breakdown in modern organisms

44
Q

What steps in glycolysis are have a highly negative ΔG?

A

Steps 1, 3 and 10

45
Q

Which step is the main regulatory point of glycolysis?

A

Step 3

46
Q

How is glycolysis regulated?

A

Mainly by regulation of PFK

BS129: Physiology, Neurobiology and Metabolism (34 decks)

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