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BS129: Physiology, Neurobiology and Metabolism > Lecture 20. Neurons and Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 20. Neurons and Nervous Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A
  1. Receive and interpret information about the internal and external environments of the body (sensory system)
  2. To make decisions about this information (integrating system)
  3. To organise and carry out action (motor system)
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2
Q

What does the sensory system include?

A

Sense organs, sensory nerves, central sensory areas

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3
Q

What is the integrating system used for?

A

Making decisions from sensory input and stored record of previous experience (memories)

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4
Q

What does the motor system include?

A

Motor neurones, central motor areas, all muscles and ducted glands of the body

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5
Q

What is the motor system used for?

A

Control of movement - conscious and unconscious

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6
Q

What are the units of the brain?

A

Neurons

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7
Q

What is a neuron made up of?

A

Dendrites
Axon
Myelin
Node of Ranvier
Terminals

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8
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Increase surface area receive inputs

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9
Q

What do axons do?

A

Carry information over distances

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10
Q

What does myelin do?

A

Coats axon improves conduction

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11
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier do?

A

Breaks in myelin sheath

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12
Q

What are terminals?

A

Output region transmitter release synapse with other neurones

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13
Q

What is anterograde transport (WGA-HRP)?

A

From soma, down axon to terminals
Two kinds: rapid: 300-400 mm/day (up to 1 μm/s) and slow: 5-10 mm/day

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14
Q

What is retrograde transport (HRP)?

A

From terminals to soma
Worn out mitochondria, SER
Rapid: 150 - 200 mm/day

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15
Q

What is required for axonal transport?

A

Hydrolysis of ATP
Microtubules

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16
Q

What do microglial cells do?

A

Act as scavengers
Clean up cellular debris
Launch immune response

17
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Form myelin sheath in Central NS

18
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Supporting role
Mop up transmitters
Correct ionic environment
Release gliotransmitters (ATP, glutamate, D-serine)
Provide metabolic fuel for neurones

19
Q

How do nervous systems form?

A

Nerve nets → Nerve ring → Ganglia → Fusion of ganglia

20
Q

What occurs after the fusion of the ganglia?

A

Fusion of ganglia → Brain and Nerve cord → Vertebrates encephalisation

21
Q

What makes up the central nervous system (CNS)?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

22
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Automatic (involuntary) Nervous System and Somatic (voluntary) Nervous System

23
Q

What are the segments of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral

24
Q

How are brain structures defined?

A

By embryology

25
Q

What parts of the brain develop after 4 weeks?

A

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)

26
Q

What parts of the brain develop after 6 weeks?

A

Prosencephalon (Diencephalon and Telencephalon)

27
Q

What does the diencephalon contain?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

28
Q

What does the telencephalon contain?

A

Cerebrum
Basal ganglia
Hippocampus

29
Q

What does the midbrain mesencephalon?

A

Inf. Colliculus
Sup. Colliculus
Ret Formation

30
Q

What does the hindbrain rhombencephalon contain?

A

Medulla
Cerebellum
Pons

31
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Surround the CNS
Brain suspended in jacket of cerebrospinal fluid
3 layers 1) Tough outer layer Dura mater 2) Arachnoid mater 3) Pia mater

32
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

Principle source of CSF: choroid plexuses in ventricles
About 150 ml CSF
Renewed ~ 4-5 times in 24 hrs
Removes waste products
Supplies brain & sp cord with nutrients
Buffers changes in blood pressure and protects brain
Supplies brain with fluid during dehydration
Allows the brain to remain buoyant

33
Q

What links the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

34
Q

What are the functions of the midbrain?

A

Visual, auditory information, motor control, sensation

35
Q

What is the function of the pons and where are they located?

A

Links with cerebellum, modifies medulla output

36
Q

What are the functions of the medulla?

A

Respiration and cardiovascular function

37
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Balance, gait, fine movement, posture

38
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Integrates sensory information (LGN vision, MGN hearing)

39
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Autonomic control, appetitive drives reproductive behaviour, homeostasis, endocrine control

BS129: Physiology, Neurobiology and Metabolism (34 decks)

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