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BS129: Physiology, Neurobiology and Metabolism > Lecture 11. Oxidative Phosphorylation > Flashcards

Lecture 11. Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of oxidative phosphorylation

A

The process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH₂ to O₂ by a series of electron carriers

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2
Q

Do the respiratory complexes make ATP?

A

The complexes do not make ATP, they sequester the necessary energy by pumping protons into the inter-membrane space

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3
Q

Sequence of electron transfer to O₂ from NADH

A

NADH → cpx I → cpx III → cpx IV → O₂

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4
Q

Sequence of electron transfer to O₂ from FADH₂

A

FADH₂→ cpx II → cpx III → cpx IV → O₂

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5
Q

What is respiratory complex I?

A

NADH-Q oxidoreductase

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6
Q

What delivers electrons to complex I?

A

NADH

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7
Q

Where are the electrons delivered to in complex I?

A

Ubiquinone

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8
Q

How many protons are pumped across the membrane in complex I?

A

4

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9
Q

What is respiratory complex III?

A

cyt bc1 or Q cyt c oxidoreductase

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10
Q

What delivers electrons to complex III?

A

Ubiquinone

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11
Q

Where are the electrons delivered to in complex III?

A

Cytochrome C

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12
Q

How many electrons can cytochrome C carry?

A

1

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13
Q

How many protons are pumped across the membrane in complex III?

A

4

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14
Q

What is the Q cycle?

A

The relay of 2 electrons to 1 electron carrier

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15
Q

What is respiratory complex IV?

A

Cytochrome C oxidase

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16
Q

What delivers electrons to complex IV?

A

Cyt C

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17
Q

Where are the electrons delivered to in complex IV?

A

Oxygen - gets reduced to water

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18
Q

How many protons are pumped across the membrane in complex IV?

A

2

19
Q

What is respiratory complex II?

A

Succinate-Q reductase

20
Q

What is complex II directly linked to?

A

Citric acid cycle

21
Q

Where are the electrons delivered to in complex II?

A

Ubiquinone

22
Q

How many protons are pumped across the membrane in complex II?

A

0

23
Q

What can multiple complexes form?

A

Super-complexes, respirasomes

24
Q

What is the chemiosmotic theory?

A

The primary energy-conserving event induced by e⁻ transport is the generation of a proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane

25
Q

How many protons need to be pumped to generate 1 ATP?

A

~3

26
Q

What is respiratory complex V?

A

F₀-F₁ ATP synthase

27
Q

What is F₁?

A

A soluble protein

28
Q

What happens to F₀ in the absence of F₁?

A

F₀ pumps protons but does not make ATP

29
Q

What does isolated F₁ do?

A

Hydrolyses ATP

30
Q

What causes rotation in ATP synthase?

A

F₀

31
Q

What rotates in ATP synthase?

A

The shaft γ

32
Q

What part of ATP synthase contains the catalytic sites?

A

β

33
Q

What happens to β when γ rotates?

A

β changes conformation

34
Q

What is the key control point of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The need for ATP

35
Q

What is an example of natural uncoupling to generate heat in animals?

A

Thermogenin

36
Q

What is an example of natural uncoupling to generate heat in plants?

A

Alternative oxidase

37
Q

What are the names of the two shuttles that transport electrons from NADH?

A

Glycerol phosphate shuttle
Malate shuttle

38
Q

Glycerol phosphate shuttle

A

e⁻ carried by FADH₂ onto Q
So, complex I is bypassed therefore only 6H⁺ pumped instead of 10
And less ATP is made from cytoplasmic NADH

39
Q

When is the malate shuttle used?

A

When energy must be conserved

40
Q

Where is the malate shuttle found?

A

The heart and liver

41
Q

How does ADP and Pi get into the matrix and how does ATP get into the cytosol?

A

Two antiporters: Pi-OH⁻ antiporter and ATP-ADP antiporter

42
Q

How much ATP is made for each NADH?

A

2.5

43
Q

How much ATP is made for each FADH₂?

A

1.5

BS129: Physiology, Neurobiology and Metabolism (34 decks)

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