Lecture 8 - Measurement of Physical Dimensions

Question 1

• represents the sum of the four chemical compartments of the body

Answer 1

Weight

Question 2

four chemical compartments of the body

Answer 2

• muscle protein
  
  • fat
  • water
  • bone mineral mass

Question 3

weight gain indicate?

Answer 3

obesity or edema

Question 4

severe weight loss manifestation of?

Answer 4

a serious disease

Question 5

poor measure of energy nitrogen reserves in disease conditions in which edema, ascites, dehydration, diuresis or in obese patients undergoing rapid weight loss

Answer 5

Weight

Question 6

Instrument for weight measurement

Answer 6

• spring scales
  
  • like a pony tail - lumuluwag over time or loosens over time
• beam balance
  
  • better to use; produce more accurate results than spring scales

Question 7

• for weighing infants - unable to stand

Answer 7

• use hanging scale or pediatric scale
  
  • hanging scale - used in public health setting; PH - sotter’s scale used in the annual weighing of children aged 0-5 yrs (Operation Timbang) - results used as a basis for proposing or leverage from others in terms of funds (OT or OTPlus - height and weight)
  • pediatric scales - clinic and hospitals

Question 8

• for weighing older children and adults

Answer 8

• bathroom scale - less preferred and for personal use; convenient to use for participants not confined in one space so data collectors can move from one house to the next
  
  • balance beam scale - clinics, health centers, and hospitals where it can be placed strategically in a permanent location

Question 9

• for weighing of non-ambulatory patients

Answer 9

• bed scale - big hospitals or private clinics
  
  • chair scale - no bed scale or chair scale, body weight can be computed from knee height, cap circumference, midarm circum and subscapular skinfold thickness - more tedious

Question 10

no bed scale or chair scale, body weight can be computed from?

Answer 10

knee height, cap circumference, midarm circum and subscapular skinfold thickness

Question 11

Estimating body weight in patients with amputations (Formula)

Answer 11

(recite the formula for adjusted weight and table)

Question 12

Determinants of severity of weight loss/gain

Answer 12

1. rate weight change over time
2. total reduction/ increase in weight

Question 13

Interpretation of weight changes

Answer 13

(recite the table)

Question 14

Considerations in measuring weight (4)

Answer 14

• diurnal variations
  
  • fluctuations throughout the day
    
    • deduct 1 kg in children; 2 kg in adults
• menstrual cycle
  
  • bc of tissue hydration - higher weight than usual
• clothing
  
  • type and number of clothes can affect weight measured
• instrument used
  
  • balance beam scales more accurate than spring scales

Question 15

Common weight measurement errors

Answer 15

• room cold, no privacy
  
  • participants may become uncomfortable and restless
  • lab gown - ideal
• scale not calibrated to zero
  
  • calibration done at the manufacture level like a factory reset; use standard weights for calibration as nutritionists
• participant wearing heavy clothing
• participant moving or anxious as a result of prior incident

Question 16

• Linear measurement of a human body, from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a standing position

Answer 16

Height

Question 17

• Applicable for adults and children over two years of age who are cooperative and able to stand without assistance

Answer 17

Height

Question 18

• Measure from the crown of the head to the bottom of the feet with the participant lying horizontally in a supine position

Answer 18

Length

Question 19

• Generally reserved for children aged <24 months or for children aged 24-36 months who cannot stand without assistance

Answer 19

Length

Question 20

use to estimate basal energy expenditure and nutrients needs; used as a index of chronic nut. status in children.adults

Answer 20

Height and length

Question 21

Instrument for height measurement (5)

Answer 21

• microtoise
• stadiometer
• height board
• tape measure attached to a wall
• height rod in beam balance scales

Question 22

Common length or height measurement errors (5)

Answer 22

• incorrect method for age - length and height used vice versa
• footwear or headwear not removed
• head not in the correct plane
• child not straight along the board and/or feet not parallel with movable board
• board not firmly against the heels/ head

Question 23

Proxy indicators of height

Answer 23

• knee height
• arm span

Question 24

• Highly correlated with stature

Answer 24

Knee height

Question 25

• Can be used to estimate stature in persons with severe spinal curvature or who are unable to stand

Answer 25

Knee height

Question 26

• May also be used with mid-arm circumference to predict weight in individuals who cannot be weighed by conventional methods

Answer 26

Knee height

Question 27

Instrument for knee height measurement

Answer 27

• knee height caliper
  
  • not commonly found in hospitals and clinics

Question 28

physical measurement of an individuals arm span from the fingertips; shoulder level; parallel to the ground; 90-degree angle

Answer 28

Arm span

Question 29

Instrument for arm span

Answer 29

• tape measure (steel/regular)
  
  • also for the bedridden

Question 30

• Important screening procedure to detect abnormalities of the head and brain growth, especially in the 1st year of life

Answer 30

Head Circumference

Question 31

• Can be used as an index of protein-energy status during the first 3 years of life

Answer 31

Head Circumference

Question 32

• Should be measured routinely on infants and young children up to 3 years

Answer 32

Head circumference

Question 33

Instrument for head circum. measurement

Answer 33

• tape measure
• insertion tape

Question 34

Common head circumference measurement errors

Answer 34

• • Occipital protuberance poorly defined
• • Hair crushed inadequately
• • Tape is on top of the ears
• • Headwear not removed

Question 35

limitations of head circumference measurement

Answer 35

beyond 3 years, growth in head circumference is so slow that its measurement is no longer useful; not sensitive to less severe protein-energy malnut. and non-nutritional factors may influence it