FN 124 LE 2 - Infancy Flashcards
Proper infant nutrition is fundamental to a child’s continued health, from birth through adulthood. Why? (3)
- Lower morbidity and mortality
- Reduce the risk of chronic
disease throughout the life span (Fetal Origins of Adult Disease) - Promote regular mental and physical development.
_________ determined by the mother’s pre-pregnancy weight & her weight gain during pregnancy.
Birth weight
Immediately after birth, there is weight loss (___) but this is regained on the ________.
~6%; first 2 weeks
By 4 months, most infants are ____ their birth weight; by 12 months its ____ their birth weight.
2x; 3x
Males usually increase their weights to ____ their birth weights _____ than females.
2x; earlier
Infants usually increase their lengths by ____ the 1st year.
50%
Refers to length drops from a higher to a lower percentile rating on the growth chart
A period of “catch-up” or “lag-down” growth
rate of childhood growth over normal periods of development, as compared with a population standard
Growth velocity
period of increased speed of growth at different points of childhood development
Example of a growth chart
Growth acceleration
__________ as %age of body weight decreases from approximately _____ at birth to _____ at 1 year.
Total body water; 70%; 60%
Reduction is mostly extracellular fluid (_____ to _____) due to changes in the ratio of _______ to _______ tissues.
42% to 32%; adipose to lean tissues
After birth, _____ accumulates rapidly until ____________.
fat; ~9 months
Females accumulate more ______ than males.
fat
The head proportion decreases as the torso and leg proportion ___________.
increases
At birth, the head accounts for _______ of the total body weight
~1⁄4
When growth has ceased, the head accounts for ________ of total body length.
one-eighth (1/8)
Between birth & adulthood, leg length increases from approximately ____ of the newborn’s birth length to ____ of adult’s total body height.
3/8; 1⁄2
A parent’s responsiveness to an infant’s cues of hunger & satiation, and the close physical contact during feeding facilitate a healthy ____________ development.
psychosocial
______________ is very important. Babies need to be held while they are fed.
Tactile stimulation
Trust vs Mistrust | Basic Virtue: Hope
Infancy Psychosocial Development
Identify the age (Hunger and Satiety Cues):
Fusses. and cries, mouths the nipple
Early infancy
Identify the age (Hunger and Satiety Cues):
Vocalizes the eagerness for food
28-36 weeks
Identify the age (Hunger and Satiety Cues):
Actively approach the breast
16-24 weeks
Identify the age (Hunger and Satiety Cues):
Points or touches spoon
40-52 weeks
Identify the age (Hunger and Satiety Cues):
Sputters with tongue and lips
40-52 weeks
Identify the age (Hunger and Satiety Cues):
Fall asleep, draws away from nipple
Early infancy
Identify the age (Hunger and Satiety Cues):
Withdraws head, bites nipple
16-24 weeks
Identify the age (Hunger and Satiety Cues):
Changes position, shakes head
28-36 weeks
The digestive capacity ______ & ______ during the first year of life
matures; increases
Stomach capacity: _____ ml at birth to 200 ml by 12 months
10-12; 200
gastric pH _______ at birth
slightly alkaline
Stomach empties every ____________
2.5-3 hours
____________ is common for newborns.
Reverse peristalsis
Intestines of newborns are ________ in relation to body size than the adult.
larger
Factors necessary for digestion present at birth (CHON)
Recite the table
Factors necessary for digestion present at birth (Fat)
Recite the table
Factors necessary for digestion present at birth (CHO)
Recite the table
The newborn infant has an ___________ kidney.
immature
The functional development of the _______ of the kidney is completed at ___ month of age.
nephron; 1 month of age
Mature proportions of the parts of the nephron is attained at ___ months of age.
5
The pituitary produces limited amount of _________ – inhibits _________.
vasopressin; diuresis
Kcal requirement was determined by (3)
body size, physical activity, & growth rates
It is estimated that _____ of energy expenditure is due to BMR.
50%
(ENERGY) WHO studies:
1st 6 months = ___ kcal/kg; 6months – 1 yr = ____ kcal/kg
108; 98
Increases in body CHON are estimated to average _____ g/d for the 1st 4 months & ______ g/d for the next 8 months.
~3.5; 3.1
(CHON) Recommended intake is ____ g/kg for the 1st 6 months and ____g/kg from 6-12 months.
2.2; 1.6
Essential amino acids
PVT TIM HALL
Fat supplies between ______ of the energy consumed by the infant.
40-50%
Essential fatty acids
linoleic (n-6) and alpha linolenic (n-3)
Infants require ______ water per unit of body size than do adults.
more
Most of the water is located in the _________ and ________ spaces.
extracellular and vascular
Under normal conditions, infants fed breast milk ______ need additional water.
do not
Range of average water requirements of infants & children under ordinary
Table
Formula fed infants retain _______ of the calcium they consume.
less than 1⁄2
Breastfed infants retain ______ of their calcium intake.
2/3
Infant iron needs are supplied from 2 different sources – ____________ and ____________
prenatal reserves & food sources
_______ of the Fe in human milk, _______ in cow’s milk & _____ in Fe-fortified formula is absorbed.
49%; 10%; 4%
The infant is born ______ zinc body
stores; rapidly becomes dependent on a __________
without; dietary source.
Results of studies show that zinc requirement of males is _______ compared to females.
higher
Established that it prevents dental caries
Fluoride
Excessive intake results to dental ______
fluorosis
The specific functions of vitamins in metabolic processes make the requirement for each vitamin _________ upon the related intakes of ____________________________.
dependent; kcal, CHON, CHO, & fats
Fat-soluble vitamins in excess of needs are not excreted but __________. Thus, reserves can be ___________ compared to water-soluble vitamins.
stored; accumulated
The need for supplemental Fe depends on the _______________.
composition of the diet
Solely breastfed infants should receive a supplement by _________
6 months.
Developmental Factors Affecting Infant Nutrition (Digestive Tract)
Enumerate
Developmental Factors Affecting Infant Nutrition (Renal System)
Enumerate
Developmental Factors Affecting Infant Nutrition (Immune System)
Enumerate
Reconciling Developmental Barriers to Infant Feeding (Developmental Factor and Addressed by)
Table
2 kinds of complementary foods:
a. Specially prepared
b. Usual foods family foods that are modified
Why complementary feeding is not given before 6 months (5)
Enumerate
Signs that indicate baby is ready for added food
(Physiological Signs)
Enumerate
Signs that indicate baby is ready for added food
(Physical Signs)
Enumerate
Order of introducing solid foods
cereal, fruit, vegetables, eggs, meat
Start by giving ____ tsp of bland, semi-solid cereal gruel
1⁄2
Repeat and increase the food to ____ tsp the next day or 2 days after
1
Identify age based on frequency of feeding:
- 2-3x a day- before milk feeding
- Interval feeding
6 months
Identify age based on frequency of feeding:
3 meals/day
> 3 years
Identify age based on frequency of feeding:
4 meals/day
2-3 years
Identify age based on frequency of feeding:
3-5x/day after milk feeding
More than 6 months
Identify age based on frequency of feeding:
5 meals/day: 3 full meals + snacks
1-2 year
Identify age based on foods to give:
- Full diet: pureed meat, egg, fruit, vegetables, cereals
- For teething: give chewy foods such as crackers
More than 6 months
- 7-8th month: ______, chopped
finely
*9-12th month: _______ chopped
coarsely
Identify age based on foods to give:
- Thin rice gruel, mashed banana or papaya
- Commercial preparation
- Gradual introduction of egg yolk, liver, meat, fish, poultry
6 months
Identify age based on foods to give:
Foods similar to the family; variation in
texture, consistency, flavor
2-3 years
Identify age based on foods to give:
Foods similar to the family; with very little or no variation in texture, consistency, flavor
> 3 years
Identify age based on foods to give:
Foods similar to the family; variation in
texture, consistency, flavor
1-2 year
Illustrate Concept of the Food Source (Energy Source, Protein Source, Vitamins & Minerals, Energy Supplement)
Figure
Recite the table, How Much to Give (Component, 6-12 months, >12 months)
Table
Type of diarrhea where abrupt onset; lasts for few hours to days
Acute
Type of diarrhea persists 7-10 days after acute period
Chronic
Type of diarrhea that lasts more than 2 weeks in infants <3 months old
Intractable
Causes & Symptoms of diarrhea
Recite
Management of diarrhea
Recite
Composition of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)
6 level tbsp. of sugar & 1⁄2 level tsp of salt
dissolved in 1L of clean water
In feeding ORS for <2y.o
atleast 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 of 250 ml cup after
each watery stool
In feeding ORS for > 2 y.o.
at least 1⁄2 c to 1c after each watery stool.
Causes of symptoms of vomiting
Recite
Causes of symptoms of Colic
Recite
Causes of symptoms of food sensitivity
Recite
Causes of symptoms of Constipation
Recite
Management of vomiting
Recite
Management of food sensitivity
Recite
Management of Colic
Recite
Management of Constipation
Recite
baby born before completion of 37 weeks of gestation.
High-risk infants/ Preterm infants
Physiological immaturity of preterm infants (5)
Preterm Infants are of
High Nutritional Risk (5)
For pre-term infants:
Nutritional Requirements – higher BMR, thus TEA is _______ higher than full term
30-50%
For pre-term infants:
Energy & Protein: for catch-up growth & gradual increase in food intake until intake reaches
Energy: _________ kcal/kg BW/day Protein: _________ g/kg BW/day
120-240; 3-4
For pre-term infants:
Double RENI of full-term infant for which vitamins?
Vitamin A, D, C, K
For pre-term infants:
Minerals needed?
calcium, iron, and phosphorus
8 food groups
MInimum Diet Diversity (MDD)
proxy measure of energy intake
Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF)
Under MMF, what are the WHO-UNICEF recomms for meal frequency in 6-8 months, 9 to 23 months, and non-breastfed?
2 feedings, 3 feedings, 4 feedings
combines both MDD and MMF
Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD)
