FN 124 LE 2 - Pre-school Age Flashcards
The interval between infancy and adolescence is a period of _______ growth
slower
Weight gain approximates ______kg per year
1.8-2.7
Length increases approximately ___inches (___ cm) per year
3 inches (7.6 cm)
Estimating the DBW of children 1-6 y.o
DBW (kg) = __________
(age in years x 2) + 8
Brain growth is ____ complete by the end of the ____ year.
75%; 2nd
By _____ years of age, brain growth is complete.
6-10
Bone growth occurs leading to _______________.
increased stature
Children become _______ as they grow older.
leaner
Children learn to feed themselves (________________).
ulnar deviation
A refined _______ grasp developed by the 1st year.
pincer
A refined ________ chewing established as the child gets older.
rotary
Physical Changes in pre-school changes (4)
Developmental Changes (3)
Energy requirements are determined Determined on the basis of (3)
basal metabolism, rate of growth, and energy expenditure
Recommended energy intake
13-15 kcal/cm for children 2-5 years old
Suggested proportions of energy intake (C, P, F)
50%-60% carbohydrates
25%-35% fats
10%-15% protein
Protein assessment (3)
protein efficiency ratio (PER), biological value (BV), and net protein utilization (NPU).
In 1991, the FAO/WHO proposed a new system, which was adopted by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine.
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
Determined by comparing the amino acid profile of the food in question against a standard amino acid profile, with 100 as the highest possible score.
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
PDCAAS is based on the amino acid that is in the _______ supply when compared to a reference (scoring) pattern.
shortest
Digestibility of the protein also is factored into the score by way of ___________.
fecal digestibility
If a protein is completely missing just one IAA, the PDCAAS is _____.
0
If a protein with a low amount of one IAA has a PDCAAS of 20, then the protein provides only ____ of that particular amino acid when compared to the scoring pattern.
20%
The recommended CHON intakes are derived from the __________ for a reference CHON set by the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) adjusted for CHON quality.
safe level intakes (SLIs)
The SLIs for a reference CHON were adjusted for CHON quality of rice-based diets, _______________ PDCAAS.
70% (61%-80%)
Studies in poor communities by FAO/WHO showed that
intakes of ___________/day have signs of VAD.
100-200 μg RE
Recommended CHON intakes for Filipino children:
1-3 y
4-6 y
7-9 y
1-3 y – 2.15 g/kg/day
4-6 y – 2.00 g/kg/day
7-9 y – 1.79 g/kg/day
The VAD-related morbidity was reduced with ______ μg RE/day supplementation.
350-400
The RENI Committee recommends a daily intake of ______ RE/day for children 1-9 years old.
400 μg
The RENI Committee recommends the following vitamin C intake:
1-3 y – 30 mg/day
4-6 y – 30 mg/day
7-9 y – 35 mg/day
Dietary reference intake of iron:
1-3 years old – 7 mg/day
4-8 years old – 10 mg/day
Formula for Metabolic Body Weight (MBS)
Tolerable upper intake level of iron:
1-8 years old – 40 mg/day
The RENI recommends the following for iron
1-3 y – 8 mg/day
4-6 y – 9 mg/day
Dietary reference intakes of iron:
1-3 years old – 500 mg/day
4-8 years old – 800 mg/day
Tolerable upper intake levels of iron:
1-8 years old – 2,500 mg/day
Deficiencies lead to growth failure, poor appetite, decreased taste acuity, and poor wound healing
Zinc requirement
The RENI Committee recommends for Calcium
1-3 y – 500 mg/day
4-6 y – 550 mg/day
Daily Recommended Amount of Food for the Preschool Child (Energy Food)
Daily Recommended Amount of Food for the Preschool Child (Body-building Food)
Daily Recommended Amount of Food for the Preschool Child (Regulating Food)
___________ is correlated with between-meal
snacking.
Television viewing
____ affects food requests of children.
Television
With or without conscious effort, the ______, guides the food preferences and establishes the food pattern of preschool children
family
______________________ encourages sedentary
lifestyle.
Extensive television viewing
Children usually eat well in a ________
group
________ settings are also ideal for nutrition education programs during
mealtimes.
Group
May display lack of interest or too much interest for a specific food item for days or weeks (food jags and dwalding)
Foodrituals
- Usually erratic and unpredictable
Appetite
The ________ is generally the least well received.
evening meal
- Foods eaten easily with unskilled and clumsy hands should be considered.
- Advise to parents: support the child’s efforts of self-feeding.
Ease of manipulation
1 oz of milk supplies _______ of Ca +
36mg
Children 3-5 years old eat more than 3 times a day. Average meals is ________ a day.
5-7 times
_________ children to eat vegetables is usually discouraged.
Forcing
If children consistently refuse meats, their _________ may be affected; thus closely monitor iron status.
heme iron intake
Food characteristics that are important to consider in meals for pre-school children
A. Texture – Well tolerated foods are soft, crispy, and chewy.
B. Flavor – Generally, children reject strong flavors.
C. Portion sizes – Discourage large portions of food but permit second servings.
D. Presentation – Usually accept simple unmixed dishes.
E. Temperature – Accepts room temperature foods.
Because snacking is often, less _________ food items should be emphasized.
cariogenic
Six groups of at-risk children & for whom vitamin-mineral supplementation may be appropriate (AAP)
A. Children from deprived families.
B. Children who suffer from anorexia.
C. Children with chronic diseases
D. Children on dietary regimen to manage obesity
E. Vegetarian children
F. Pregnant teenagers
Children who skipped ________ and then given a variety of tests made more errors and had slower memory recall (Pollitt et al., 1998)
breakfast
Children with _____ tend to score lower on tests of mental development & pay less attention to relevant information needed for problem- solving (Lozoff et. al., 2000).
ID
Possible factors associated with ID, include (3)
parents’ educational level, access to medical care, & diet.
Prevalence of overweight in children is not due to _________ alone
genetics
Current evidence shows that many overweight children have one or more CV risk factors - (2)
HPN, high levels of lipids & insulin
Factors contributing to excess energy intake are (3)
proliferation of eating establishments, eating tied to sedentary lifestyle, and children making more food and
eating decisions.
Physical Milestones
Lungs continue to undergo the process of branching off new alveoli until age _________
7-8 years
Physical Milestones
Over _______, truncal and limb growth is prioritized
5 years
Physical Development
______________ slows by the end of the 2nd yr, with decreases in nutritional requirements and appetite, and the emergence of picky eating habits
Somatic and brain growth
Physical Milestones
Between birth and 1 yr, fat deposition is considerable (from 14% to 25%)
14% to 25%
Physical Maturation:
Over 1-4, absolute fat mass in the body stays relatively stable but increasing lean body mass results in fat proportions declining to ____
20%
Physical Maturation:
Brain increases in size around ____ between ages of 1-5 yrs and by the end of this period is around ____ of adult size
50%; 90%
Physical Development
_________ (knock knees) and ________ (flatfoot)
genu valgum; mild pes planus
Physical Development
Increases in _____ in weight and ______ in height per year are expected
2 kg; 7-8 cm
Physical Development
The head will grow in additional _______ between ages 3 and 18 y
5 cm
Physical Development
Birthweight ______ by 2 1/2 of age
quadruples
Physical Development
Torso _____ as legs lengthen
slims
Physical Development
Physical energy peaks and need for sleep declines to ______/24 hr with the child eventually dropping in a nap
11-13
Physical Development
All ____ primary teeth has erupted by 3 yrs of age
20
Physical Development
Handedness is established by the ____ year
3rd
Physical Development
Bed-weting is normal up to age ____ in girls and age _____ in boys
4; 5
the individual level of functioning a child is capable of as a result of the nervous system and psychologic reactions
Development
not determined by either genetics (nature) or environment (nurture), but rather a combination of both
Development
energy and nutrients
Physical milestones
affect how nutrient demands are delivered and development of attitudes and behaviors for long-term health and well-being
Psychosocial and behavorial
