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FN 123 > Lecture 10 - Evaluation of Anthropometric Data > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Evaluation of Anthropometric Data Flashcards

1
Q
  • used to interpret indiv and group measurements
A

Index (plural: indices)

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2
Q
  • simple numerical ratio like the body mass index (BMI)
A

Index (plural: indices)

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3
Q
  • constructed from two or more weight measurements (ex. weight-for-height)
A

Index (plural: indices)

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4
Q
  • measurement compared against one’s age (ex. weight-for-age)
A

Index (plural: indices)

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5
Q

Commonly used growth indices in the Philippines

A
  • weight-for-age
  • length-for-age
  • height-for-age
  • weight-for-length
  • weight-for- height
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6
Q
  • general index of acute malnutrition or short-term rapid onset undernutrition
A

Weight-for-age

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7
Q
  • widely used to assess PEM and overnutrition
A

Weight-for-age

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8
Q
  • used for rapid screening
A

Weight-for-age

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9
Q
  • low weight for age is described as ____ and reflects a pathological process called ______
A

lightness; underweight

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10
Q

Limitations for WFA

A
  • requires accurate age information
    • does not distinguish between acute and chronic malnutrition
    • children with low weight for age are not necessarily underweight
    • may classify children with poor linear growth as normal and edema may complicate its interpretation
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11
Q

indicate (index of) past or current nutritional status

A

LFA/ HFA

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12
Q

measure stunting

A

LFA/HFA

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13
Q

low height for age is described as ____ and reflects a pathological process called ______

A

shortness; stunting

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14
Q

a less sensitive indicator of current nut, status compared with weight-for-height

A

HFA/LFA

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15
Q

aside from WFA, also - dependent on accurate age info

A

HFA/LFA

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16
Q
  • sensitive index of current nutritional status
A

WFH/WFL

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17
Q
  • measure of wasting
A

WFH/WFL

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18
Q

low weight for height is described as ____ and reflects a pathological process called ____

A

thinness; wasting

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19
Q

Advantages of WFH/WFL (2)

A
  • advantageous - can distinguish acute from chronic undernutrition
  • advantageous: not age dependent
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20
Q

Systems for Expressing Indices (3)

A
  • Z-score system
  • Percentile system
  • Percent of median system
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21
Q

measure of an indiv value with respect to the distribution to the ref. population

A

z-score

22
Q

refers to the position of the measurement value in relation to the all the measurements for that reference population ranked in order of magnitude

A

percentile

23
Q
  • expresses measurements as a percentage of the median value of the expected reference
A
  • Percent of median system
24
Q

ratio of a measured anthro value in the indiv to the median value of the ref. data for the same age or height expressed as a percentage

A
  • Percent of median system
25
Q

most widely used system of expressing indices

A

Z-score system

26
Q

Evaluation of indices (4)

A
  • comparison with a ref. distribution/data
  • comparison with predetermined reference limits
  • comparison with cut-off points
  • trigger levels
27
Q

obtained from a healthy sample group

A

ref. distribution

28
Q
  • values expressed as percentiles, standard deviation scores, or percent of median
A

ref. distribution

29
Q
  • values set to classify individuals as having “unusually low,” “usual,” or “unusually high” measurements
A

Reference limits

30
Q
  • two reference limits usually defined (lower and upper limit and the interval between them is known as the reference interval)
A

Reference limits

31
Q
  • based on the relationship between nut. assessment indices and functional impairment and/or clinical signs of deficiency
A

Cut-off points

32
Q
  • used to establish the prevalence of malnutrition within a pop. or to identify and classify malnourished indiv.
A

Cut-off points

33
Q

an _____ is a measurement or index and its associated ref. limit or cut-off point

A

indicator

34
Q
  • combined with cut-off points to set the level of an index or indicator or a combination of indices at which a public health problem exists of a specified level of concern
A

Trigger levels

35
Q

set arbitrarily or may follow the local or international organizations if available

A

Trigger levels

36
Q

Sources of reference data which is - compiled from measurements made on well-nourished healthy individuals selected from an elite group (they must be ethnically and genetically representative of the pop. being investigated)

A

local

37
Q

Sources of reference data which is preferred when ethnic and genetic diff are considered less important than the influences of nutrition, infection, parasitic diseases, and environmental and economic factors

A

international

38
Q

Use of reference data (4)

A
  • comparisons across populations
  • proportion of individuals with abnormal indices
  • surveillance studies
    • evaluate trends and effectiveness of intervention programs
  • clinical setting
    • to identify those at risk for malnutrition and to assess the response for treatment
39
Q
  • encompasses both stature and weight measurements compiled from cross-sectional sampling of normal healthy infants and children of varying ages
A

Distance growth reference data for infant and children

40
Q
  • developed using either of two approaches: descriptive or prescriptive
A

Distance growth reference data for infant and children

41
Q

uses a representative sample of normal healthy children to generate a reference

A

descriptive

42
Q

selects children who are well-nourished and healthy and who adhere to established feeding and healthcare recommendations to generate a standard

A

prescriptive

43
Q
  • a ____ tells us how children are growing while a _____ tell us how children should grow
A

reference; standard

44
Q
  • developed by FNRI and Philippine Pediatric Society (PPS) in 1985
  • includes 26,691 Filipino children from birth to 19 y from almost all regions
A

FNRI-PPS reference data

45
Q

major limitation of FNRI-PPS reference data

A

included malnourished children

46
Q
  • year 2000 - shifted to the use of this international standard
  • collected mainly from large, nationally representative probability cross-sectional samples of children from birth to 18 y
  • derived from four diff surveys (conducted from 1960s and 1970s in USA)
A

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO growth reference

47
Q

major limitations of National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO growth reference

A

inclusion of formula fed infants and twins

48
Q
  • derived from WHO Multicenter Growth Reference Study (MGRS) conducted bet. 1997 and 2003
  • included 8440 breastfed infants and young children (<5 y) from diverse ethnic backgrounds and cultural settings in the US, Oman, Norway, Brazil, Ghana, and India
A

WHO multicenter growth reference data for infants and children

49
Q
  • used the prescriptive approach and hence, approximates a standard
  • applicable to all children everywhere regardless of ethnicity, socio-economic status and type of living
A

WHO multicenter growth reference data for infants and children

50
Q

Individual eligibility criteria for the WHO multicenter data (5)

A
  • no known health or environmental constraints to growth
  • no maternal smoking before or after delivery
  • single term birth
  • absence of significant morbidity
  • mothers willing to follow MGRS feeding recommendations
51
Q

MGRS feeding recommendations

A
  • exclusive or predominant breastfeeding for atleast 4 months
    - introduction of complimentary foods by the age of 6 months
    - continued breastfeeding for atleast 12 months
52
Q

What makes the MGRS data different?

A
  • provides prescriptive data that describes how children should grow
  • breastfeeding as the biological norm and establishes breastfed infant as the normative growth model
  • international standard
  • new innovative growth indicators
  • longitudinal nature of the study allowed the development of growth velocity standards
  • development of accompanying windows of achievement for 6 key motor development milestones
    • provides unique link to physical growth and motor development

FN 123 (10 decks)

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