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BI 468 Plant Biodiversity > Lecture 8: Gymnosperms 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 8: Gymnosperms 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major groups of vascular plants?

A

Ferns

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

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2
Q

What TYPE of plants are gymnosperms usually?

A

Woody

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3
Q

What are the LEAVES on gymnosperms?

A

fan-like, scale-like or needle-like, often persistent (sometimes caducous; fall off when young)

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4
Q

What are the FLOWERS of gymnosperms?

A

unisexual with no perianth, arranged in infl called “cones”

Cones are grouping of flowers inflorescence = potentially spike/spite

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5
Q

Why don’t gymnosperms have fruit?

A

bear their ovules on flat, scale-like carpels; since the ovules are not enclosed in an ovary (like in Angiosperms), they don’t form a fruit, and the seeds are “naked”.

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6
Q

_______ are ancestral and palm looking

A

Cycadales; Cycadaceae

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7
Q

What type of LEAVES of cycadales?

A

pinnately compound, persistent

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8
Q

True or False: Cycadales are monecious

A

False, dioecious

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9
Q

______ have naked ovules

A

Cycadales

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10
Q

In cycadales the male inflorescence looks like _____ and the female inflorescence looks like _______?

A

a cone, a flower

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11
Q

What are cycadales cultivated as in Canada?

A

Ornamentals

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12
Q

True or False: Cycads have been used as a food source in Australia for at least 4,300 years

A

True, seeds were used as food, never domesticated though

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13
Q

What TYPE of plant is ginkgoales?

A

Trees with no resin canals

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14
Q

What are the LEAVES of ginkgoales?

A

simple closely packed on stubby short shoots,

fan-like, veins dichotomously branched,

emarginate (notch) or bilobed,

deciduous

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15
Q

True or False: Ginkgoales is diecious.

A

True

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16
Q

What are the FLOWERS of ginkgoales? (Both M and F)

A 
M = spike-like infl
F = reduced to ovules which are paired on peduncles
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17
Q

What is a unique characteristic of the ginkgoales seeds?

A

a fleshy, bad-smelling outer coat and a hard inner coat

if you remove the fleshy part, the rest is a delicacy in China

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18
Q

True or False: Biloba is the only one of the ginkgoales family, up to 5000 years old

A

True

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19
Q

Where is the work Ginkgo derived from?

A

Japanese word Ginkyo meaning “silver apricot”

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20
Q

True or False: Gingkos are used as a sacred tree based on its longevity

A

True, known as:

a symbol of unity of opposites.

symbol of eternity and longevity

bearer of hope

symbol of love

protector against fire

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21
Q

What are the 3 health benefits of using ginkgo (ginseng)

A

improves blood flow

protects against oxidative cell damage from free radicals

blocks many of the effects of PAF (blood clotting)

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22
Q

True or False: Ginkgo is cultivated worldwide as ornamental in urban areas (resistant to pollution). Leaves turn yellow in the fall.

A

True

23
Q

What TYPE of Plant is taxus?

A

Trees or shrubs; no resin canals (no smell)

24
Q

What are the LEAVES of taxus?

A

needle-like, persistent, alternate, 2-ranked.

25
Q

What are the FLOWERS of taxus? (M and F)

A 
M = in small cones
F = solitary, naked ovules
26
Q

WHat is the outer and inner layer of seeds made of in taxus?

A

with a fleshy outer layer (bright red) and hard inner layer.

27
Q

True or False: The whole taxus plant is toxic

A

False, with the exception of the red, fleshy part of seeds, the rest of the plant is toxic.

Seeds evolved so it can be dispersed by birds

28
Q

In what type of ecosystem can taxus be found?

A

Shrub in rich often swampy forests: deciduous, mixed, or coniferous (hemlock, white pine, fir, and especially cedar), often thriving on banks and in ravines

29
Q

Taxus has become scarce in many parts of the state due to severe ______ browsing.

A

Deer

30
Q

What is the cancer combating drug found in Taxus?

A

Paciltaxol (Taxol), which has a antimitotic mechanism

31
Q

What is the TYPE(S) of plants in the family Cupressaceae?

A

Shrubs & trees with resin glands (smelly)

32
Q

What are the LEAVES in the family Cupressaceae?

A

either scale-like & opposite,

or needle-like, in which case they are solitary or whorled

33
Q

True or False: The family Cupressaceae is both monecious and dioecious.

A

True

34
Q

What are the FLOWERS in the family Cupressaceae? (M and F)

A

Male flowers in small cones.

Female cones with a few flowers – in Juniperus 3 carpels fuse completely; in Thuja carpelar scales opposite

35
Q

What are the 4 genera of cupressaceae?

A

Thuja
Juniperus

Taxodium
Sequoia

36
Q

What TYPE of plant is the genus Thuja?

A

Trees (sometimes shrubs when young)

37
Q

What are the LEAVES of the genus Thuja?

A

scale-like, opposite

38
Q

True or False: Thuja is dioecious

A

False, monecious

39
Q

What are the FLOWERS of the genus Thuja? (Female)

A

Female cones with a few pairs of opposite scales.

40
Q

What is the species Thuja occidentalis used for medically?

A

treatment of the common cold, and its efficacy as an adjuvant to standard antibiotic treatment of severe bacterial infections

41
Q

True or False: Thuja is non -toxic

A

False, can be very toxic, dosage must be correct

42
Q

What TYPE of plant is the genus Juniperus?

A

Trees or shrubs

43
Q

What are the LEAVES of the genus Juniperus?

A

scale-like, opposite and

needle-like, whorled (3 per node)

sometimes both on the same plant

44
Q

Is Juniperus monecious or dioecious?

A

Dioecious

45
Q

What are the FLOWERS of the genus Juniperus? (Female)

A

Female cones: 3 carpels perfectly fused at maturity, berry-like but not fruit

46
Q

What is one human use for the Juniperus plant?

A

Female cones used for fragrance in gin

47
Q

The Juniperus spp. thats a shrub with only needle-like leaves is _____ and the one that’s a tree with both types of leaves is ______.

A

J. communis

J. virginiana

48
Q

What TYPE of plant is the genus Taxodium?

A

Trees with pneumatophores (gas exchange)

49
Q

What are the LEAVES of the genus Taxodium?

A

needle-like, soft, caducous

50
Q

What are the FLOWERS of the genus Taxodium? (Female)

A

Female cones: spherical

51
Q

What TYPE of plant is the genus Sequoia?

A

Giant trees

52
Q

What are the LEAVES of the genus Sequoia?

A

needle-like, persistent

53
Q

What are the FLOWERS of the genus Sequoia? (Female)

A

Female cones: round; carpel-scales peltate

BI 468 Plant Biodiversity (10 decks)

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