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COB Anatomy II > Lecture 8: GI System Embryology > Flashcards

Lecture 8: GI System Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What gradient causes transcription factors to be expressed in different regions of gut tube allowing specification?

A

RA gradient

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2
Q

What transcription factor specifies the esophagus?

A

SOX2

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3
Q

What transcription factor specifies the duodenum and pancreas?

A

PDX1

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4
Q

What transcription factor specifies the small intestine?

A

CDXC

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5
Q

What transcription factor specifies the large intestine?

A

CDXA

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6
Q

What initiates the interaction between endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm leading to specification of the gut tube?

A

Shh

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7
Q

What does the right peritoneal diverticulum give rise to?

A

The lesser sac

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8
Q

What does the left peritoneal diverticulum give rise to?

A

The greater sac

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9
Q

Esophageal stenosis, atresia

A

Narrowed or occluded esophagus due to incomplete recanalization, usually found in lower 1/3

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10
Q

Congenital esophageal hernia

A

Stomach herniating into esophagus

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11
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

Acid backing up from stomach changes esophageal lining = pre-cancerous condition

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12
Q

Zenker’s diverticulum

A

Abnormal additional pouch outside of esophagus

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13
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

Hypertrophic pyloric sphincter causes passageway to be small; takes a couple weeks to present; food never gets into duodenum so no bile in the bolus during projectile vomiting

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14
Q

Duodenal atresia

A

Double bubble sign: air in stomach and duodenum; symptom could be projectile vomiting with bile

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15
Q

Duplication cyst

A

Tubular structure with internal lining of gastrointestinal epithelium, smooth muscle in wall and adherence to alimentary tract

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16
Q

Extrahepatic biliary atresia

A

Incomplete canalization of the bile duct; causes jaundice, dark urine, pale stool; surgical correction or transplant needed

17
Q

What transcription factor induces cells secreting insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide?

A

PAX4

18
Q

What transcription factor induces cells secreting glucagon?

A

PAX6

19
Q

Annular pancreas

A

Ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds form a ring around duodenum which presents as duodenal obstruction

20
Q

Accessory or ectopic pancreatic tissue

A

Misexpression of PDX1 leads to ectopic expression of pancreas

21
Q

Malrotation of midgut

A

Abnormally positioned viscera - increased risk of entrapment of portions of intestine; many negative symptoms; most severely septic shock and necrosis of tissue

22
Q

Volvulus

A

Abnormal twisting of intestine causing obstruction; bloat in dogs

23
Q

Bilious emesis

A

Green color of bile in emesis; signals obstruction of GI tract below bile duct

24
Q

Situs inversus due to bowel malrotation

A

Can lead to intestinal ischemia

25
Q

Omphalocele

A

Herniation of abdominal contents through enlarged umbilical ring; midgut loop fails to return to abdominal cavity - enclosed in pale, shiny membranous sac

26
Q

Gastroschisis

A

Failure of anterior abdominal wall musculature to close during folding; gut contents NOT surrounded by membrane

27
Q

Ileal/Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Failure of vitelline duct to close; can be symptomatic or asymptomatic; rule of 2’s; can cause fistula and fecal discharge through umbilicus

28
Q

Umbilical hernia

A

Gut pushes skin and fascia out of umbilicus

29
Q

Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Congenital aganglionic megacolon - motor disorder of colon that causes functional intestinal obstruction; failure of migration of neural crest cells that form colonic ganglion cells

30
Q

What are the results of rotation in the gut tube?

A
  1. Changes size of 2 original peritoneal cavities
  2. Changes anatomical relationships of organs
  3. Causes changes/loss in some of dorsal mesenteries
31
Q

Primarily retroperitoneal organ

A

Developed outside abdominal cavity which never had a mesentery (such as kidney)

32
Q

Secondarily retroperitoneal organ

A

Portions of the gut tube whose mesentery fused with lining periotneum

33
Q

Intraperiotneal organ

A

Organs with a mesentery

COB Anatomy II (5 decks)

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