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COB Anatomy II > Lecture 5: Cardiopulmonary Development > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Cardiopulmonary Development Flashcards

1
Q

Early phase of lung development

A

Positioning of lung primordium and primary lung bud formation

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2
Q

Late phase of lung development

A

Mechanism of bronchial branching and cytodifferentiation

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3
Q

What signaling molecule specifies the respiratory diverticulum’s position, growth, and development?

A

Tbx4

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4
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

Most common respiratory malformation; abnormal communication between trachea/esophagus caused by improper formation of tracheoesophageal septum

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5
Q

What is the primary tissue from which the smooth muscle, nerves and blood vessels of the lungs differentiate?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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6
Q

Which stage in lung development will the lungs have enough tissue for the embryo to be viable at birth?

A

Canalicular stage

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7
Q

Embryonic stage (lung development)

A

Weeks 4-7; respiratory diverticulum forms and major bronchopulmonary segments formed

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8
Q

Pseudoglandular stage (lung development)

A

Weeks 8-16; formation and growth of duct systems within bronchopulmonary segments - resembles a “gland”

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9
Q

Canalicular stage (lung development)

A

Weeks 17-26; formation of respiratory bronchioles and terminal sacs (primitive alveoli); vascularization increases, capillaries found in walls - embryo may be viable at this point

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10
Q

Terminal sac stage (lung development)

A

Weeks 27-birth; Alveoli begin to develop from respiratory bronchioles; epithelium lining alveoli differentiates into type I, II pneumocytes

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11
Q

Type I pneumocyte

A

Form part of the blood-air barrier; stem cells for type II

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12
Q

Type II pneumocyte

A

Secrete Clara cells that produce surfactant

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13
Q

What are the 3 pulmonary components needed for an embryo to be viable at birth?

A

Alveoli, pneumocytes/surfactant, capillaries

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14
Q

Postnatal/Alveolar stage (lung development)

A

Up to 90% alveoli formed after birth via septation of pre-existing alveoli

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15
Q

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

A

Deficiency/absence of surfactant; causes labored breathing, results in incomplete expansion or collapse of parts or whole lung

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16
Q

Pulmonary agenesis

A

Complete absence of lungs, bronchi, vasculature - lung buds do not develop; can be bilateral (poor prognosis) or unilateral (better prognosis)

17
Q

Pulmonary hypoplasia

A

Poorly developed bronchial tree affecting partial or total lung

18
Q

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

A

Abdominal contents herniated into thoracic cavity; can cause pulmonary hypoplasia; caused by failure of pleuroperitoneal membranes to fuse; signs: unusually flat abdomen, breathlessness, cyanosis

19
Q

What systems empty into the primitive heart?

A

Vitelline, Umbilical, and Common Cardinal systems

20
Q

What adult structures does the truncus arteriosus give rise to?

A

Aorta, pulmonary trunk

21
Q

What adult structures does the bulbus cordis give rise to?

A

Smooth part of right ventricle, smooth part of left ventricle

22
Q

What adult structures does the primitive ventricle give rise to?

A

Trabeculated part of right and left ventricles

23
Q

What adult structures does the primitive atrium give rise to?

A

Trabeculated part of right and left atria (auricles)

24
Q

What adult structures does the sinus venosus give rise to?

A

Smooth part of right atrium, coronary sinus, oblique vein of left atrium

25
Q

Dextrocardia

A

Heart bends to the left instead of the right; may be asymptomatic

26
Q

Atrioventricular communis

A

Large communication between chambers that occurs when cushions fail to fuse

27
Q

Ventricular Septal Defects (VSDs)

A

Opening between the L/R ventricles associated with shunting of blood; most VSDs requiring surgical correction occur in membranous portion

28
Q

Atrial Septal Defects (ASDs)

A

Ostium primum defects; secundum type involves foramen ovale and septum primum, sinus venosus - usually near opening of SVC

29
Q

Vitelline vein shunt

A

Veins become incorporated into liver as hepatic sinusoids, hepatic veins, part of IVC, and GI structures

30
Q

Umbilical vein shunt

A

Obliterated umbilical vein = ligamentum teres hepatis; umbilical vein connected with IVC

31
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Connects umbilical vein with IVC, bypasses liver and diverts oxygenated blood into heart

32
Q

Shunt for cardinal system

A

Anterior cardinal veins are connected, anastomosis becomes left brachiocephalic vein; right anterior cardinal and common cardinal veins become SVC

33
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis, VSD, overriding aorta, R Ventricular hypertrophy

34
Q

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Abnormal connection between the aorta and the pulmonary artery in the heart - ductus arteriosus remains open after birth

COB Anatomy II (5 decks)

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